Historical reasoning and evidence

The origins of conflict and the First Crusade, c1071–c1099

The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149

The Muslim Counter-Crusade and Crusader states, 1149–1187 (A-level only)

The Third and Fourth Crusades, 1187–1204 (A-level only)

The forging of a new state, 1469–1516

The drive to 'Great Power' status, 1516–1556

The 'Golden Age', 1556–1598 (A-level only)

Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only)

Henry VII, 1485–1509

Henry VIII, 1509–1547

Instability and consolidation: 'the Mid-Tudor Crisis', 1547–1563 (A-level only)

The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only)

Monarchs and Parliaments, 1603–1629

Revolution, 1629–1649

From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only)

The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only)

Establishing authority, 1682–1707

Increasing the glory of Russia, 1707–1725

The epoch of palace coups, 1725–1762

Catherine the Great and Russia, 1762–1796

Pressure for change, c1783–1812

Government and a changing society, 1812–1832

Political change and social reform, 1832-1846 (A-level only)

Economy, society and politics, 1846–1885 (A-level only)

Reform and challenge, c1851–c1886

Challenges to the status quo, c1886–1914

The Great War and its impact, 1914–1939 (A-level only)

Transformation and change, 1939–1964 (A-level only)

Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855–1894

The collapse of autocracy, 1894–1917

The emergence of Communist dictatorship, 1917–1941 (A-level only)

The Stalinist dictatorship and reaction, 1941–1964 (A-level only)

The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890

Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890–1914

Imperialism challenged, 1914–1947 (A-level only)

The winds of change, 1947–1967 (A-level only)

The Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1890

Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920

Crisis of identity, 1920–1945 (A-level only)

The Superpower, 1945–1975 (A-level only)

The Kaiserreich, 1871–1914

Empire to democracy, 1914–1929

The Nazi experiment, 1929–1949 (A-level only)

Division to unity: the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1991 (A-level only)

The Restoration of Royal Authority, 1154–1166

The crisis of Royal Authority, 1166–1174

The struggle for Royal Authority, 1174–1189

Richard I, 1189–1199 (A-level only)

King John, 1199–1214 (A-level only)

The end of John's reign, 1214–1216 (A-level only)

The origins of conflict, 1450–1459

The War of the Barons, 1459–1461

The triumph of the Yorkists, 1461–1471

'The Sun in Splendour': the reign of Edward IV, 1471–1483 (A-level only)

The downfall of the Yorkist Monarchy, 1483–1486 (A-level only)

The end of the Yorkist Dynasty, 1486–1499 (A-level only)

The condition of the Church, c1500–1517

The challenge of Luther, 1517–1521

The Protestant challenge, 1521–1531

The expansion of the Reformation, 1531–1541

The second wave of Protestant Reform, 1541–1564

The Catholic Reformation, 1531–1564

The Church in c1529

The break from Rome, c1529–1536

Change and reaction, 1536–1547

A more Protestant Nation, 1547–1553 (A-level only)

The restoration of Papal Authority, 1553–1558 (A-level only)

The establishment of the Church of England, 1558–c1570 (A-level only)

The emergence of conflict and the end of consensus, 1625–1629

An experiment in Absolutism, 1629–1640

The crisis of Parliament and the outbreak of the First Civil War, 1640–1642

War and radicalism, 1642–1646 (A-level only)

The disintegration of the Political Nation, 1646–1649 (A-level only)

Experiments in government and society, 1648–1660 (A-level only)

The Regency, 1643–1661

The establishment of Absolutism at home, 1661–1685

Louis XIV and Europe, 1661–1685

Challenges at home, 1685–1715

Challenges in Europe, 1685–1697

France defeated, 1697–1715

Britain and the American Colonies, 1760–1763

Enforcing the Colonial Relationship, 1763–1774

Ending the Colonial Relationship, 1774–1776

The War of Independence, 1776–1783 (A-level only)

Founding the Republic, 1776–1789 (A-level only)

Washington and Adams, 1789–1801 (A-level only)

The origins of the French Revolution, 1774–1789

The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789–1792

The emergence and spread of the Terror, September 1792–1795

The Directory and Napoleon's rise to power, 1795–1799

The impact of Napoleon's rule on France, 1799–1815

The impact of Napoleon's rule on Europe, 1799–1815

North and South in c1845

Attempts to maintain the Union, c1845–1854

The outbreak of Civil War, 1854–1861

The War, 1861–1865 (A-level only)

Early Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (A-level only)

Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1877 (A-level only)

Great Powers: Britain, Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary, c1890–1900

The Great Powers and Crises, 1900–1911

The coming of war, 1911–1917

The end of the First World War and the peace settlement, 1917–1923

Attempts at maintaining the peace, 1923–1935

The coming of war, 1935–1941

The Crisis of Liberal Italy, c1900–1915

The collapse of Liberal Italy and Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1915–1922

Mussolini and the establishment of Fascist Italy, 1922–1926

Fascist society, 1926–1940 (A-level only)

Fascist foreign policies, 1926–1940 (A-level only)

Fascist Italy and war, 1940–1945 (A-level only)

The Liberal crisis, 1906–1914

The impact of war, 1914–1922

The search for stability, 1922–1929

The 'Hungry Thirties', 1929–1939 (A-level only)

The People's War and Peace, 1939–1951 (A-level only)

'Never had it so good'? 1951–1957 (A-level only)

Dissent and Revolution, 1917

Bolshevik consolidation, 1918–1924

Stalin’s rise to power, 1924–1929

Economy and society, 1929–1941 (A-level only)

Stalinism, politics and control, 1929–1941 (A-level only)

The Great Patriotic War and Stalin’s Dictatorship, 1941–1953 (A-level only)

The Establishment and early years of Weimar, 1918–1924

The 'Golden Age' of the Weimar Republic, 1924–1928

The Collapse of Democracy, 1928–1933

The Nazi Dictatorship, 1933–1939 (A-level only)

The Racial State, 1933–1941 (A-level only)

The impact of War, 1939–1945 (A-level only)

The Origins of the Civil War, 1936–1946

Communist victory and the consolidation of Mao's rule, 1946–1952

The transition to Socialism, 1952–1962

Reform and Control, 1962–1966 (A-level only)

The Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976 (A-level only)

The PRC under Deng Xiaoping, 1976–1997 (A-level only)

Truman and Post-war America, 1945–1952

Eisenhower: tranquility and crisis, 1952–1960

John F Kennedy and the 'New Frontier', 1960–1963

The Johnson Presidency, 1963–1968 (A-level only)

Republican reaction: the Nixon Presidency, 1968–1974 (A-level only)

The USA after Nixon, 1974–1980 (A-level only)

The Origins of the Cold War, c1945–1949

The Widening of the Cold War, 1949–1955

The Global War, 1955–1963

Confrontation and cooperation, c1963–1972 (A-level only)

The Brezhnev era, 1972–1985 (A-level only)

The ending of the Cold War, 1985–1991 (A-level only)

The Affluent Society, 1951–1964

The Sixties, 1964–1970

The end of Post-War Consensus, 1970–1979

The impact of Thatcherism, 1979–1987 (A-level only)

Towards a new Consensus, 1987–1997 (A-level only)

The Era of New Labour, 1997–2007 (A-level only)

De-Stalinisation, 1953–1964

Years of Stagnation, 1964–1985

The Gorbachev Revolution, 1985–2000

Soviet Satellites, 1953–1968

'Real existing Socialism', 1968–1980

The Collapse of the Soviet Empire, 1980–2000

Choosing a valid independent investigation

Researching evidence and interpretations