Roadmap
Historical skills
Historical reasoning and evidence
7042 - Chronology, change and causation
7042 - Building a supported historical argument
7042 - Evaluating historical interpretations
7042 - Evaluating contemporary sources
Component 1 option 1A — The Age of the Crusades, c1071–1204
The origins of conflict and the First Crusade, c1071–c1099
1A - Christianity in western Europe c1071
1A - Islam c1071: Muslim expansion and the rise of the Seljuk Turks
1A - The Byzantine Empire c1071: the internal problems of the Byzantine Empire
1A - Urban II: the reasons for the calling of the First Crusade
1A - The motives of the crusaders
1A - The course and impact of the First Crusade and its impact on the Muslim Near East, the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West by 1099
The foundation of new states and the Second Crusade, c1099–1149
1A - Establishing the states of Outremer: Kings Baldwin I, II and Queen Melisende
1A - The foundation of the military orders: Templars and Hospitallers
1A - Relations of the Crusader states with the Byzantine Empire, the Latin West, the Muslim Near East and indigenous peoples
1A - The Islamic response to the Crusader states: Islamic politics and the rise of ideas of jihad under Zengi
1A - The preaching of the Second Crusade
1A - The impact of the Second Crusade on the Muslim Near East, the Byzantine Empire, the Latin West and Outremer by 1149
The Muslim Counter-Crusade and Crusader states, 1149–1187 (A-level only)
1A - The context of Islamic power in the Near East from 1149
1A - Outremer from 1149: political developments, military strengths and weaknesses
1A - Relations between Outremer and wider Christendom, the Latin West and the Byzantine Empire
1A - Internal divisions within Outremer, including the reign of Baldwin IV and his successors
1A - The rise of Saladin: religion, politics and military expansion
1A - The crisis of Outremer: the consequences of Saladin’s capture of Jerusalem
The Third and Fourth Crusades, 1187–1204 (A-level only)
1A - Preaching and preparing for the Third Crusade: motives of Pope Gregory VIII
1A - The course of the Third Crusade: leadership and internal rivalries of the Crusaders
1A - The impact of the Third Crusade
1A - The origins of the Fourth Crusade
1A - The course of the Fourth Crusade: military preparations
1A - The legacy of the Crusades by 1204: the Muslim Near East, the Byzantine Empire and the Latin West
Component 1 option 1B — Spain in the Age of Discovery, 1469–1598
The forging of a new state, 1469–1516
1B - The political, economic, social and religious condition of the Iberian Peninsula in 1469
1B - The restoration of royal authority
1B - Social issues and policies: the nobility, the peasantry, urban communities and the Church
1B - Muslims/Moriscos
1B - Economic stagnation and change: trade and exploration in Europe and North Africa
1B - The degree of political unity and social and economic change by 1516
The drive to 'Great Power' status, 1516–1556
1B - Charles' inheritance
1B - The workings of Empire: ideas and image
1B - Foreign relations within Europe
1B - Religious policies and the Church in Spain
1B - The expansion of Empire: the conquistadores
1B - The political, economic, social and religious condition of Spain in 1556
The 'Golden Age', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
1B - Philip II as ruler: character
1B - Opposition of individuals and groups: faction and curbing internal rebellions
1B - Religion and society
1B - Economic developments
1B - Social and cultural developments of the ‘Golden Age’
1B - The condition of Spain in 1598: political, economic and social strengths and weaknesses
Spain: The 'Great Power', 1556–1598 (A-level only)
1B - Philip’s inheritance and ambitions
1B - The eclipsing of French power: Italy
1B - Control of the Mediterranean: challenging the Turks
1B - Revolt in the Netherlands
1B - Spain in the New World: expansion, settlement and trade
1B - Spain’s international position by 1598: the extent of Spain's power
Component 1 option 1C — The Tudors: England, 1485–1603
Henry VII, 1485–1509
AQA 7042 · 1C · R01 - Henry VII: establishing the Tudor dynasty
AQA 7042 · 1C · R02 - Henry VII’s government and royal finance
AQA 7042 · 1C · R03 - Henry VII: foreign relations and the succession
AQA 7042 · 1C · R04 - Henry VII’s society and rebellion
AQA 7042 · 1C · R05 - Henry VII: trade, exploration and living standards
AQA 7042 · 1C · R06 - Henry VII: religion, humanism and culture
Henry VIII, 1509–1547
AQA 7042 · 1C · R07 - Henry VIII: character, aims and inheritance
AQA 7042 · 1C · R08 - Henry VIII’s government and Royal Supremacy
AQA 7042 · 1C · R09 - Henry VIII: foreign relations and the succession
AQA 7042 · 1C · R10 - Henry VIII: society, regions and rebellion
AQA 7042 · 1C · R11 - Henry VIII: trade, exploration and prosperity
AQA 7042 · 1C · R12 - Henry VIII: humanism and religious change
Instability and consolidation: 'the Mid-Tudor Crisis', 1547–1563 (A-level only)
AQA 7042 · 1C · R13 - Edward VI: royal authority, succession and foreign relations
AQA 7042 · 1C · R14 - Edward VI: religious, economic and intellectual change
AQA 7042 · 1C · R15 - Mary I: ministers, authority, succession and foreign relations
AQA 7042 · 1C · R16 - Mary I: religious, economic and intellectual change
AQA 7042 · 1C · R17 - Elizabeth I: aims, religious settlement and foreign policy, 1558–1563
AQA 7042 · 1C · R18 - Elizabeth I: economy, society and religion, 1558–1563
The triumph of Elizabeth, 1563–1603 (A-level only)
AQA 7042 · 1C · R19 - Elizabethan government and faction
AQA 7042 · 1C · R20 - Succession, Mary Stuart and Spain
AQA 7042 · 1C · R21 - Social change and regional rebellion
AQA 7042 · 1C · R22 - Trade, exploration and living standards
AQA 7042 · 1C · R23 - Religion and the Elizabethan Renaissance
AQA 7042 · 1C · R24 - England at Elizabeth’s death
Component 1 option 1D — Stuart Britain and the Crisis of Monarchy, 1603–1702
Monarchs and Parliaments, 1603–1629
1D - The Political Nation and the social basis of power: the importance of land ownership
1D - James I: character and views on monarchy
1D - The financial weakness of the Crown and attempts to reform and strengthen royal finance
1D - Religion and religious divisions: challenges to the Church of England from Catholics and Puritans and the development of Arminianism
1D - Relations and disputes with parliaments: parliamentary privileges
1D - The state of relations between Crown and Parliament by 1629 and the reaction of the Political Nation
Revolution, 1629–1649
1D - Divisions over religion: Arminianism and Laudianism
1D - Political divisions: the Personal Rule and the extent of opposition to it in England, Scotland and Ireland
1D - The First and Second Civil Wars: England, Scotland, Ireland and the reasons for royalist defeat
1D - Social divisions: the emergence of political and religious radicalism in the 1640s
1D - Post-war divisions between Army and Parliament and the failure to secure a post-war settlement
1D - Regicide: the basis for regicide and the King’s response
From Republic to restored and limited monarchy, 1649–1678 (A-level only)
1D - The consolidation of the Republic: Scotland and Dunbar
1D - Political divisions and experiments: Republicanism and the Rump
1D - Cromwell and his aims
1D - Charles II and the nature of restored monarchy
1D - The emergence of Court and Country ‘parties’: causes, significance and consequences
1D - Religious divisions and conflicts: the defeat of Millenarianism
The establishment of constitutional monarchy, 1678–1702 (A-level only)
1D - Political developments and conflicts: Exclusion, its aims, methods and its failure
1D - The ‘Glorious Revolution’: causes and nature
1D - Divisions within the Political Nation and the emergence of Whigs and Tories and their impact
1D - Religious changes: religious toleration and changes to the position of Anglicans, Protestants and Catholics
1D - Government under William and Mary: the importance of political parties and ministers
1D - The condition of Britain and its monarchy by 1702: the significance of the Act of Settlement
Component 1 option 1E — Russia in the Age of Absolutism and Enlightenment, 1682–1796
Establishing authority, 1682–1707
1E - The political, economic and social position of Russia in 1682: the Tsars and the nobility
1E - The Regency
1E - Westernisation
1E - Early reforms: economic and financial
1E - Opposition: the Church
1E - Foreign affairs and wars: wars against Turkey and Sweden
Increasing the glory of Russia, 1707–1725
1E - Economic and financial reforms and their success
1E - Orthodoxy and developments in the Church: attempts to increase the power of the Tsar
1E - Changes to central and local government
1E - Social developments, Westernisation and extent of change by 1725
1E - Opposition: Astrakhan
1E - Foreign affairs and wars: wars with Sweden and Turkey
The epoch of palace coups, 1725–1762
1E - The legacy of Peter the Great: the Service State
1E - Disputed successions and the role of the Supreme State Council and the Preobrazhensky Regiment
1E - Tsarina Elizabeth: accession to the throne
1E - Social developments: the redefinition of the Service State
1E - Foreign affairs: intervention in Poland
1E - Russia by 1762: the extent to which Petrine reforms survived
Catherine the Great and Russia, 1762–1796
1E - Catherine: character and aims
1E - Developments in central and local government: codification of the law
1E - Changes to society: the importance of landownership and the gentry
1E - The economy and the persistence of serfdom and its impact on economic development
1E - Opposition and rebellion
1E - Foreign affairs and wars: Sweden
Component 1 option 1F — Industrialisation and the people: Britain, c1783–1885
Pressure for change, c1783–1812
1F - The British political system in 1783: government and representation
1F - Government: Pitt the Younger as Prime Minister and his successors
1F - Economic developments: industrialisation
1F - Social developments: the middle class
1F - Pressures on government: the political influence of the French Revolution
1F - Pressures on government: the political, economic and social impact of war
Government and a changing society, 1812–1832
1F - Government: Lord Liverpool
1F - Government: Canning, Goderich and Wellington
1F - Economic developments: continuing industrialisation and developments in key industries
1F - Social developments: the effects of industrialisation
1F - Pressures for change: Luddism and radical agitation
1F - Greater democracy: the election of the Whigs
Political change and social reform, 1832-1846 (A-level only)
1F - Government: Grey, Melbourne and the ideas and ideology of the Whig Party
1F - The Whig response to social change
1F - Pressure for change: Chartism
1F - The Conservative response to change: finance, administration and the economy
1F - Economic developments: the railway 'revolution' and associated economic growth
1F - Social developments: conditions in urban Britain
Economy, society and politics, 1846–1885 (A-level only)
1F - Government and developing political organisation: the development of the political system and party realignment
1F - Government and democracy: Gladstone, his ministries and ideas and policies
1F - Pressure for change: social campaigns, Public Health reform
1F - Economic developments: the mid-Victorian boom
1F - Social developments: prosperity and poverty in towns and countryside
1F - The political, economic and social condition of Britain by 1885
Component 1 option 1G — Challenge and transformation: Britain, c1851–1964
Reform and challenge, c1851–c1886
1G - The political system: parliament and the workings of mid-19th century democracy
1G - Political developments under Gladstone and Disraeli
1G - Economic developments: agriculture, trade and industry
1G - Society and social changes: class and regional division
1G - Social movements and policies
1G - The condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations: land agitation and the political response
Challenges to the status quo, c1886–1914
1G - Political developments: the reasons for Conservative dominance to 1905
1G - Politics 1906–1914: the ideology of New Liberalism
1G - Economic developments: the Great Depression and its aftermath
1G - Social change
1G - Social policies: government legislation and local initiatives
1G - The condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations: the Home Rule movement, opposition and the Home Rule Bills
The Great War and its impact, 1914–1939 (A-level only)
1G - The impact of war on British parties and politics: coalition government
1G - Political developments in the interwar years: electoral reform
1G - Economic developments: increased state role in wartime
1G - Social developments: changes in the role of women during and after war
1G - Social policies: legislation and reforms in housing
1G - The condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations: the Easter Rising
Transformation and change, 1939–1964 (A-level only)
1G - The impact of the Second World War on British politics: Churchill as wartime leader
1G - Political developments: Conservative dominance from 1951 and political consensus
1G - Economic developments: mobilisation of resources in wartime
1G - Social changes and divisions: austerity and the impact of war
1G - Developments in social policy: the Beveridge Report
1G - The condition of Ireland and Anglo-Irish relations: continuing north/south friction including riots of September 1964
Component 1 option 1H — Tsarist and Communist Russia, 1855–1964
Trying to preserve autocracy, 1855–1894
1H - Political authority and the state of Russia: autocracy
1H - Political authority and attempts at reform: Alexander II
1H - Government and Tsars: Alexander II and Alexander III as rulers
1H - Political authority in action: Russification
1H - Opposition: ideas and ideologies
1H - Economic and social developments: industrial developments and the land issue
The collapse of autocracy, 1894–1917
1H - Political authority, government and Tsar
1H - Economic developments to 1914: industrial and agricultural growth and change
1H - Social developments to 1914: change and conditions of working and living in towns and countryside
1H - Opposition: ideas and ideologies, liberalism, socialism
1H - Political authority, opposition and the state of Russia in wartime: the political, economic and social problems of wartime
1H - Political authority, opposition and government: the Bolshevik takeover and the establishment of Bolshevik government by December 1917
The emergence of Communist dictatorship, 1917–1941 (A-level only)
1H - Political authority and government: new leaders and ideologies
1H - Political authority and government: the consolidation of Bolshevik authority and development of the Stalinist dictatorship
1H - Economic developments: Lenin's decrees
1H - Social developments: effect of Leninist/Stalinist rule on class, women, young people, religion and national minorities
1H - Opposition: faction
1H - The political, economic and social condition of the Soviet Union by 1941
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The Stalinist dictatorship and reaction, 1941–1964 (A-level only)
1H - Political authority, opposition and the state of Russia in wartime: the political, economic and social impact of war
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1H - Political authority and government to 1953: High Stalinism
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1H - Political authority and government: Khrushchev’s rise to power
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1H - Economic and social developments: changes in industrial organisation from Stalin to Khrushchev
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1H - Opposition: cultural dissidents
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1H - The political, economic and social condition of the Soviet Union by 1964
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Component 1 option 1J — The British Empire, c1857–1967
The development of Imperialism, c1857–c1890
1J - The expansion of the British Empire in Africa
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1J - Imperial and colonial policy (c1857–c1890)
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1J - Trade and commerce (c1857–c1890)
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1J - The role and influence on attitudes to empire of explorers, missionaries, traders, colonial administrators
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1J - Attitudes towards imperialism in Britain
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1J - Relations with indigenous peoples (c1857–c1890)
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Imperial consolidation and Liberal rule, c1890–1914
1J - The consolidation and expansion of the British Empire in Africa
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1J - Imperial and colonial policy (c1890–1914)
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1J - Trade and commerce (c1890–1914)
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1J - The role and influence on attitudes to empire of: Joseph Chamberlain
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1J - Imperialism: supporters and critics
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1J - Relations with indigenous peoples (c1890–1914)
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Imperialism challenged, 1914–1947 (A-level only)
1J - Expansion and contraction of empire: the impact of the First and Second World Wars
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1J - Colonial policy and administration in India, Africa and the Middle East
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1J - The development of trade and commerce
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1J - The role and influence on attitudes to empire of: Gandhi, colonial administration
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1J - Imperialist ideals
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1J - Relations with indigenous peoples (1914–1947)
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The winds of change, 1947–1967 (A-level only)
1J - Decolonisation in Africa and Asia
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1J - British colonial policy and administration
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1J - Trade and commerce (1947–1967)
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1J - The role and influence on attitudes to empire of: nationalist leaders, colonial administration
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1J - Post-colonial political, economic and cultural ties
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1J - Relations with indigenous peoples (1947–1967)
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Component 1 option 1K — The making of a Superpower: USA, 1865–1975
The Era of Reconstruction and the Gilded Age, 1865–1890
1K - The weaknesses of Federal Government: Johnson, Grant and the failure of Radical Reconstruction
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1K - The politics of the Gilded Age and the era of weak presidents
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1K - Social, regional and ethnic divisions: divisions within and between North, South and West
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1K - Economic growth and the rise of corporations: railways
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1K - Laissez-faire dominance and consequences
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1K - The limits of foreign engagement and continuation of isolationism: the continuation of the Monroe Doctrine
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Populism, progressivism and imperialism, 1890–1920
1K - Political tensions and divisions: the reaction against Big Business at national and state level
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1K - The ideas and influence of Bryan, Roosevelt and Taft
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1K - Economic change and developments: the rise of US dominance as an economic and industrial power and the consequences of this
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1K - Social developments: mass immigration and urbanisation and their consequences
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1K - Foreign affairs: imperialism
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1K - The USA by 1920: economic power
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Crisis of identity, 1920–1945 (A-level only)
1K - Domestic politics: Harding, Coolidge and Republican conservatism
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1K - FD Roosevelt and the New Deals: conflict of ideas over the role of the Federal Government
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1K - The economy: boom to bust and recovery
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1K - Social and cultural developments: ‘the Jazz Age’ in the 1920s
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1K - Social, regional and ethnic divisions: countryside versus city
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1K - The USA and international relations: the extent of isolationism
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The Superpower, 1945–1975 (A-level only)
1K - Domestic politics: Truman, Eisenhower and post-war reconstruction
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1K - Kennedy, Johnson and Nixon
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1K - Economic change and developments: the rise of the consumer society and economic boom
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1K - Ideological, social, regional and ethnic divisions: McCarthyism
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1K - The USA and international relations: the Cold War and relations with the USSR and China
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1K - The USA by 1975: its place as a Superpower
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Component 1 option 1L — The quest for political stability: Germany, 1871–1991
The Kaiserreich, 1871–1914
1L - Political authority: the extent and make-up of the German Empire in 1871
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1L - Government and opposition: Kaiser Wilhelm I and government under Bismarck
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1L - Government and opposition: Kaiser Wilhelm II and his chancellors
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1L - Economic developments: industrial expansion
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1L - Social developments: the class hierarchy
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1L - The political, economic and social condition of Germany by 1914
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Empire to democracy, 1914–1929
1L - Political authority: the political impact of the First World War on Germany
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1L - Government and opposition to 1924: post-war political problems
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1L - Government and opposition 1924–1929: the impact of the Ruhr invasion and the leadership of Stresemann
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1L - Economic developments: the impact of war
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1L - Social developments: the effect of war on German society
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1L - The political, economic and social condition of Germany by 1929
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The Nazi experiment, 1929–1949 (A-level only)
1L - Political authority 1929–1945: the collapse of Weimar democracy and the establishment of the one-party authoritarian Nazi State
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1L - Government and opposition to 1945: Nazism as an ideology and in practice
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1L - Political authority and government 1945–1949: post-war occupation and division
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1L - Economic developments: the impact of the Depression
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1L - Social developments and tensions
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1L - The political, economic and social condition of Germany by 1949
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Division to unity: the Federal Republic of Germany, 1949–1991 (A-level only)
1L - Political authority: Adenauer as Chancellor and establishment of democracy in Western Germany
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1L - Government and opposition: governments
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1L - Extra-parliamentary opposition and pressure: student protest
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1L - Economic developments: the growth of the West German economy
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1L - Social developments: the effect of the Nazi legacy
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1L - The political, economic and social condition of reunified Germany by 1991: Kohl and the drive to reunification
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Component 2 option 2A — Royal Authority and the Angevin Kings, 1154–1216
The Restoration of Royal Authority, 1154–1166
2A - The political, economic and social condition of England in 1154
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2A - The restoration of royal authority under Henry II: the barons
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2A - The place of religion in society: the political role of the Church
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2A - Henry II and England’s overseas territories
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The crisis of Royal Authority, 1166–1174
2A - The conflict between Church and State: Thomas Becket and the crisis of 1170
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2A - Henry II and Ireland: the invasions of 1169 and 1171
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2A - The origins of the Great Rebellion: dynastic instability and Henry II’s relations with the three rebellious sons, Eleanor of Aquitaine and their supporters
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2A - The course of the Great Rebellion: political instability
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The struggle for Royal Authority, 1174–1189
2A - Attempts to consolidate royal authority after the Great Rebellion: court and family tensions
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2A - Relations between Church and State: Henry II and his bishops
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2A - Social and economic developments: towns and trade, the social condition of England by 1189
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2A - England’s overseas territories: developments in Ireland after the 1175 Treaty of Windsor
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Richard I, 1189–1199 (A-level only)
2A - The character and aims of King Richard: attitudes towards religion and the Church
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2A - England without Richard: the absentee king
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2A - Relations with France and the conflict between Richard and Philip II
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2A - Social and economic developments: towns and trade
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King John, 1199–1214 (A-level only)
2A - Royal government under King John: the character and aims of the King
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2A - Relations with the Church: Hubert Walter as Archbishop of Canterbury
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2A - The loss of Normandy and war with France: the defeats of 1202–1204 and the long campaigns to regain Normandy
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2A - Scotland, Ireland and Wales: relations with William of Scotland and the invasion of 1209
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The end of John's reign, 1214–1216 (A-level only)
2A - Defeat in the war with France: failure of John’s final campaign to regain Normandy
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2A - Relations between King John and the barons: Robert Fitzwalter and the ‘Army of God’
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2A - The First Barons War: baronial unrest and the outbreak of the war
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2A - King John’s legacy: the problem of the succession and role of William Marshal as Protector
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Component 2 option 2B — The Wars of the Roses, 1450–1499
The origins of conflict, 1450–1459
2B - English society and politics in 1450: the weakness of Henry VI’s rule
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2B - The impact on English politics of the emerging power and influence of Richard of York
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2B - The outbreak of war: the first Battle of St Albans and the balance of military power in 1455
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2B - The uneasy peace: the influence of Margaret of Anjou
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The War of the Barons, 1459–1461
2B - The renewal of war: York’s flight into exile
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2B - Filling the political vacuum: the rule of Richard of York as Protector of England
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2B - Shifting loyalties and the Lancastrian revival: Wakefield
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2B - Proclamation of Edward IV as King
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The triumph of the Yorkists, 1461–1471
2B - The personal rule of Edward IV and the political impact of his marriage to Elizabeth Woodville
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2B - Factional rivalries: Warwick ‘the Kingmaker’
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2B - The crushing of the Lancastrian cause: Barnet and Tewkesbury
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2B - The impact of the baronial wars on English society by 1471: the weakening of the aristocracy
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'The Sun in Splendour': the reign of Edward IV, 1471–1483 (A-level only)
2B - The consolidation of royal authority under Edward IV and the development of new methods of government
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2B - Factional rivalries and court politics: hostile reactions against the influence of the Woodvilles
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2B - Change and continuity in English society during a decade of peace: trade and the economy, social mobility, the regions
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2B - The premature death of Edward IV and the crisis of the Yorkist succession
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The downfall of the Yorkist Monarchy, 1483–1486 (A-level only)
2B - The coup d’état by Richard of Gloucester: the issue of the Princes in the Tower and Richard III’s position as a usurper
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2B - Factional rivalries
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2B - The strengths and weaknesses of Richard III’s position in 1484: the death of his wife and heir
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2B - The downfall of Richard III: Bosworth, the proclamation of a new Tudor dynasty under Henry VII and his marriage to Elizabeth of York
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The end of the Yorkist Dynasty, 1486–1499 (A-level only)
2B - Yorkist opposition to Henry VII: the Lovell revolt
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2B - Attempts to maintain the Yorkist cause: Margaret of Burgundy , the Earl of Warwick and the Pretender Perkin Warbeck
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2B - The end of the Yorkist challenge: defeat of Warbeck and his Scottish and Cornish allies
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2B - The impact of the Wars of the Roses on English society by 1499: trade and the economy
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Component 2 option 2C — The Reformation in Europe, c1500–1564
The condition of the Church, c1500–1517
2C - The Church: secular power and influence
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2C - The Church: religious power and influence
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2C - Criticism of the Church
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2C - Church finances, indulgences, popular piety and the extent of demand for reform
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The challenge of Luther, 1517–1521
2C - The Holy Roman Empire, its government, condition and social composition: emperor, princes, knights, towns and electors
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2C - Martin Luther: influences on early life
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2C - Disputations
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2C - Excommunication and Diet of Worms: attitude of Catholic Church hierarchy
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The Protestant challenge, 1521–1531
2C - The spread of radical reformation: Carstadt and the Zwickau prophets
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2C - The development of protestant doctrine: Luther, Melancthon and Zwingli
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2C - The revolt of the Imperial Knights and the peasants' war: causes and outcomes
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2C - The Reformation in the Swiss Confederacy
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The expansion of the Reformation, 1531–1541
2C - The geographical and social expansion of Lutheranism: Melancthon
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2C - The development of the radical reformation
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2C - Religious division in Germany and the formation of the Schmalkaldic league
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2C - The Diet of Regensburg and state of the Church by 1541
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The second wave of Protestant Reform, 1541–1564
2C - Calvin: influences on early life and the evolution of doctrine
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2C - The practice of Calvinism in Geneva: support and opposition
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2C - The spread of Calvinism: France, Scotland, Netherlands, Germany, Poland and eastern Europe
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2C - Religious War in Germany
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The Catholic Reformation, 1531–1564
2C - Papal revival: Paul III
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2C - Spiritual regeneration: New Religious Orders
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2C - The Council of Trent: the three sessions
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2C - The impact of reform by 1564
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Component 2 option 2D — Religious conflict and the Church in England, c1529–c1570
The Church in c1529
2D - The political and social role of the Church: churchmen as royal advisers
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2D - Popular piety and the Church’s spiritual role: lay religious guilds
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2D - Early Reformers and Humanists: the legacy of the Lollards and impact on religious belief and practice
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2D - Abuses and criticisms of the Church: the extent and impact of simony, nepotism and absenteeism
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The break from Rome, c1529–1536
2D - The King’s ‘Great Matter’
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2D - The Reformation Parliament: MPs and expression of grievances
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2D - The influence of faction: Cromwell and the management of Parliament
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2D - The doctrinal and political position of the Reformation by 1536: the degree of change and continuity in faith, belief and organisation of the Church
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Change and reaction, 1536–1547
2D - The reformist and conservative factions: aims, influence and the reaction of the King
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2D - The Dissolution of the Monasteries: political, religious, social and economic causes and consequences
Locked
2D - Change and continuity in doctrine: liturgy, the eucharist and the Bible
Locked
2D - The state of the Church and belief by 1547: disagreements over doctrine and practice
Locked
A more Protestant Nation, 1547–1553 (A-level only)
2D - The Protestant Party and the King: the aims, beliefs and role of Somerset and the overturning of Henry’s will
Locked
2D - The development of doctrine and further reform
Locked
2D - Opposition and conformity: the Western Rebellion
Locked
2D - The crisis over the succession 1553: attempts to avoid the succession of Mary
Locked
The restoration of Papal Authority, 1553–1558 (A-level only)
2D - Mary’s accession, aims and opposition: the Royal Supremacy and problems with her first Parliament
Locked
2D - The restoration of Papal Authority: the second Parliament and the restoration of Papal Authority and Catholic doctrine
Locked
2D - Persecution and reform: reasons for, extent of and repercussions of the persecution of Protestants
Locked
2D - Opposition and conformity: Wyatt and other opposition to changes
Locked
The establishment of the Church of England, 1558–c1570 (A-level only)
2D - Religious divisions on Elizabeth’s accession: Catholics
Locked
2D - The re-establishment of the Church of England: Elizabeth’s religious beliefs and aims
Locked
2D - Supporters and opponents of the Settlement: consolidation of the Settlement through Visitations
Locked
2D - Maintaining the Settlement: the threat posed by Mary Queen of Scots
Locked
Component 2 option 2E — The English Revolution, 1625–1660
The emergence of conflict and the end of consensus, 1625–1629
2E - The legacy of James I: religious issues and divisions
Locked
2E - Monarchy and Divine Right: the character and aims of Charles I
Locked
2E - Challenges to the arbitrary government of Charles I: reactions against financial policies
Locked
2E - Parliamentary radicalism
Locked
An experiment in Absolutism, 1629–1640
2E - Charles I’s Personal Rule: his chief ministers
Locked
2E - Religious issues: Laud and Arminianism in England and Scotland
Locked
2E - Political issues: the role of Wentworth
Locked
2E - Radicalism, dissent and the approach of war: the spread of religious radicalism
Locked
The crisis of Parliament and the outbreak of the First Civil War, 1640–1642
2E - The Political Nation 1640: the recall of Parliament
Locked
2E - Pym and the development of parliamentary radicalism: Pym’s personality and aims
Locked
2E - Conflicts between Crown and Parliament: failure of negotiations between the King and the Long Parliament
Locked
2E - The slide into war: the impact of events in Ireland
Locked
War and radicalism, 1642–1646 (A-level only)
2E - The First Civil War: the strengths and weaknesses of the political and military leadership of the Royalist cause
Locked
2E - The First Civil War: the strengths and weaknesses of the political and military leadership of the Parliamentary forces
Locked
2E - The intensification of radicalism: popular radicalism in London
Locked
2E - The end of the First Civil War: divisions amongst the Parliamentary leaders
Locked
The disintegration of the Political Nation, 1646–1649 (A-level only)
2E - Political and religious radicalism: the politicisation of the New Model Army
Locked
2E - Political and religious divisions: the attitude and actions of Charles I
Locked
2E - The Second Civil War and the reasons for its outcome
Locked
2E - The problem of Charles I: divisions within the army and Parliament
Locked
Experiments in government and society, 1648–1660 (A-level only)
2E - The Third Civil War: the attempted Royalist revival
Locked
2E - Political radicalism: failure of the Levellers and Diggers and the ‘Godly Society’
Locked
2E - Oliver Cromwell and the Protectorate: Cromwell’s personality and approach to government and his refusal of the Crown
Locked
2E - The monarchy restored: political vacuum after the death of Cromwell
Locked
Component 2 option 2F — The Sun King: Louis XIV, France and Europe, 1643–1715
The Regency, 1643–1661
2F - The French monarchy in 1643: the legacy of Richelieu and Louis XIII
Locked
2F - The Minority of Louis XIV: the roles of Anne of Austria and Mazarin
Locked
2F - France and Europe: the rise of French power at the expense of the Habsburgs
Locked
2F - The condition of France at the accession of Louis XIV in 1661: politics, economy and society
Locked
The establishment of Absolutism at home, 1661–1685
2F - Louis XIV and Divine Right: personality and aims
Locked
2F - Louis XIV and patronage of art, culture and science: the Academie Francaise
Locked
2F - Finance and the economy: the reforms of Colbert
Locked
2F - Louis XIV and the Church: disputes with the papacy
Locked
Louis XIV and Europe, 1661–1685
2F - The context of French foreign policy in 1661: Louis XIV’s aims, the extent of French military resources
Locked
2F - France and Spain: the decline of Spanish military power
Locked
2F - France and the Dutch Republic: relations between Louis XIV and Charles II of England
Locked
2F - France and the policy of Reunions: the drive to annex ‘lost’ territories to France such as Luxembourg, Casale and Strasbourg
Locked
Challenges at home, 1685–1715
2F - The personal monarchy: the strengths and weaknesses of royal government
Locked
2F - Finance and the economy: problems after Colbert
Locked
2F - Louis XIV and the Church: Gallicanism
Locked
2F - Pressures from below: social divisions
Locked
Challenges in Europe, 1685–1697
2F - The challenge of William of Orange: the Dutch-English alliance after the ‘Glorious Revolution’ of 1688
Locked
2F - The ‘Grand Alliance’: the League of Augsburg and the anti-French alliance between Protestant states
Locked
2F - The Nine Years War: outbreak, course and outcome
Locked
2F - The new balance of power: the position of France in relation to the European powers by 1697
Locked
France defeated, 1697–1715
2F - The issue of the Spanish Succession: the aims and policies of France
Locked
2F - The War of the Spanish Succession: the war in Europe
Locked
2F - The Treaty of Utrecht and its impact on the balance of power in Europe
Locked
2F - The legacy of Louis XIV by 1715: the last years of the reign
Locked
Component 2 option 2G — The Birth of the USA, 1760–1801
Britain and the American Colonies, 1760–1763
2G - Britain and North America in 1760: British attitudes towards the colonies
Locked
2G - The Thirteen Colonies: social, economic and political characteristics
Locked
2G - The price of victory: the impact on relations between Britain and the colonists of the successful outcome of the French and Indian War and the Seven Years War
Locked
2G - The dream of westward expansion: the expectations of the colonists
Locked
Enforcing the Colonial Relationship, 1763–1774
2G - British government legislation and policies towards the colonies
Locked
2G - The reaction of the colonists: the attitude of the colonial elites
Locked
2G - The reaction of the colonists: pressure and reform movements from below
Locked
2G - Escalating tensions: the Boston Tea Party
Locked
Ending the Colonial Relationship, 1774–1776
2G - The hardening of colonial opposition: the First Continental Congress
Locked
2G - The ideology of revolution: Paine’s Common Sense
Locked
2G - The escalation of conflict: British actions to maintain control including the Quebec Act and the assertion of military control under General Gage
Locked
2G - The Declaration of Independence: its political origins and its impact on the revolutionary cause
Locked
The War of Independence, 1776–1783 (A-level only)
2G - The balance of military power in 1776: the strengths and weaknesses of Britain’s military position, the strengths and limitations of the revolutionary forces, geographical factors
Locked
2G - The international context: the part played by France, diplomacy and sea power
Locked
2G - The conduct of the war: American political leadership, the revolutionary armies and George Washington as military leader
Locked
2G - Recognition of the new nation: the conduct of the peace negotiations, the terms of the peace settlement 1783
Locked
Founding the Republic, 1776–1789 (A-level only)
2G - The Articles of Confederation: drafting from 1776
Locked
2G - Obstacles blocking the path to a republic: economic problems, social tensions and inter-state disputes, the issue of slavery
Locked
2G - Making the Constitution: the Philadelphia Convention and the constitutional debates between federalists and anti-federalists, the personalities and policies of the ‘Founding Fathers’
Locked
2G - Ratification of the new Republic: the forwarding of the constitution to the states by the Continental Congress, ratification of the constitution by state conventions
Locked
Washington and Adams, 1789–1801 (A-level only)
2G - The powers of the presidency: Washington and Adams as presidents, the implementation of the constitution
Locked
2G - Financing the new nation: Alexander Hamilton as Secretary of Finance, the balance between federal and state authority
Locked
2G - The rise and influence of political parties: the Jefferson Republican (Democratic Republican Party) under Jefferson and James Madison, the Federalist Party under Alexander Hamilton and John Adams
Locked
2G - The United States in 1801: the extent of national unity, relations with the world outside.
Locked
Component 2 option 2H — France in Revolution, 1774–1815
The origins of the French Revolution, 1774–1789
2H - Absolutism and the structure of the Ancien Régime: Louis XVI as King
Locked
2H - The ideas of the Enlightened philosophes: extent of influence in France
Locked
2H - Economic problems and royal finance: attempts to improve royal finances under Turgot, Necker and Calonne
Locked
2H - The Assembly of Notables and political developments, February 1787 to May 1789
Locked
The experiment in constitutional monarchy, 1789–1792
2H - The revolution May-October 1789: developments in Versailles and Paris
Locked
2H - The attempts to establish a constitutional monarchy: church reforms
Locked
2H - Reaction to change internally and externally: the political clubs
Locked
2H - Sans-culottes and the collapse of the constitutional experiment
Locked
The emergence and spread of the Terror, September 1792–1795
2H - The establishment of a Republic: problems and policies
Locked
2H - Internal and external war: the spread of war
Locked
2H - The progress of the war: the levée en masse and the coming of the Terror
Locked
2H - The spread of the Terror: executions
Locked
The Directory and Napoleon's rise to power, 1795–1799
2H - The aftermath of the Terror: the Thermidorian reaction and White Terror
Locked
2H - The establishment of the Directory: the constitution
Locked
2H - Military campaigns and expansion abroad: Napoleon's contribution to French success
Locked
2H - The coup of Brumaire and the establishment of the Consulate: the strengths and weaknesses of the new constitution
Locked
The impact of Napoleon's rule on France, 1799–1815
2H - Political change: Napoleon's consolidation of power and establishment of Emperor status
Locked
2H - Social change: class distinctions and titles
Locked
2H - Legal and administrative change: the Napoleonic codes
Locked
2H - Financial and economic policies and problems: taxation
Locked
The impact of Napoleon's rule on Europe, 1799–1815
2H - The army and conquest during the consulate and Empire: reasons for military success by 1808 and the part played by Napoleon
Locked
2H - The control of the Grand Empire: administration
Locked
2H - Challenges to the Empire: the continental blockade
Locked
2H - The collapse of the Empire: the first Peace of Paris
Locked
Component 2 option 2J — America: A Nation Divided, c1845–1877
North and South in c1845
2J - The American Republic: the federal government and its relationships with the states
Locked
2J - The Northern states: social, economic and political characteristics
Locked
2J - The Southern states: social, economic and political characteristics
Locked
2J - Missouri, nullification, modernisation and the frontier
Locked
Attempts to maintain the Union, c1845–1854
2J - Manifest Destiny and the territorial crisis
Locked
2J - Political compromise and the settlement of 1850
Locked
2J - Antislavery growth and its limits, c1845–1854
Locked
2J - Southern resistance to abolitionism, c1845–1854
Locked
The outbreak of Civil War, 1854–1861
2J - Bleeding Kansas and the failure of compromise
Locked
2J - The rise of the Republican Party, 1854–1856
Locked
2J - Hardening positions, 1857–1860
Locked
2J - The 1860 election, secession and the outbreak of war
Locked
The War, 1861–1865 (A-level only)
2J - Confederate strengths and weaknesses, 1861–1865
Locked
2J - Union strengths and weaknesses, 1861–1865
Locked
2J - Civil War campaigns and Confederate defeat, 1861–1865
Locked
2J - The war's costs and prospects for reconciliation, 1865
Locked
Early Reconstruction, 1865–1867 (A-level only)
2J - Emancipation and Lincoln’s plans for Reconstruction
Locked
2J - The Thirteenth Amendment: origins and impact
Locked
2J - The Fourteenth Amendment, Stevens and Radical Republicans
Locked
2J - Andrew Johnson: aims, conflict with Congress and impeachment
Locked
Radical Reconstruction, 1867–1877 (A-level only)
2J - The presidency: the election of 1868 and Andrew Johnson’s Christmas amnesty
Locked
2J - Radical Reconstruction in the South: the impact of the Reconstruction Acts
Locked
2J - Resistance to Radical Reconstruction in the South: Southern Democrats and ‘Redeemers’
Locked
2J - The end of Radical Reconstruction: the position of African-Americans in North and South by 1877
Locked
Component 2 option 2K — International Relations and Global Conflict, c1890–1941
Great Powers: Britain, Germany, France, Russia and Austria-Hungary, c1890–1900
2K - The political structures of the Great Powers: liberal democracies in Britain and France and autocracies in Germany, Russia and Austria-Hungary
Locked
2K - Economic strengths and armed forces: the erosion of Britain’s economic supremacy
Locked
2K - Empires and rivalries: the ‘Scramble for Africa’
Locked
2K - The state of international relations by 1900: Anglo-French rivalry
Locked
The Great Powers and Crises, 1900–1911
2K - Forces of instability: Balkan nationalism and its significance for Austria-Hungary and Russia
Locked
2K - Evolving alliances: the Moroccan crises
Locked
2K - The decline of the Ottoman Empire: the weakening of the Empire in Eastern Europe
Locked
2K - Panslavism and the Bosnian Crisis: the causes, course and consequences of the Bosnian Crisis
Locked
The coming of war, 1911–1917
2K - The First and Second Balkan Wars: causes
Locked
2K - The outbreak of war in the Balkans and the July Crisis: Austria-Hungary’s and Germany’s response to the assassination in Sarajevo
Locked
2K - General war in Europe: mobilisation of German and Russian forces
Locked
2K - From European to World War: the escalation of the conflict
Locked
The end of the First World War and the peace settlement, 1917–1923
2K - The collapse of the autocratic empires: Russia, Germany, Austria-Hungary and the Ottoman Empire
Locked
2K - Peace-making, 1919–1923: the roles and aims of Clemenceau, Wilson and Lloyd George
Locked
2K - Challenges to the peace settlement: the consequences of the USA’s return to isolationism and the League of Nations
Locked
2K - The state of international relations by 1923: the position of the USA and Russia in world affairs
Locked
Attempts at maintaining the peace, 1923–1935
2K - The ‘Spirit of Locarno’: consolidation of the post-war settlement
Locked
2K - The Depression and its impact on international relations: the failures of the Lausanne and London Conferences on international debts and reparations
Locked
2K - Changing balance of power: the ambitions of Italy, Japan and Germany
Locked
2K - The collapse of collective security: the reasons for and consequences of the failure of League of Nations in the Manchurian and Abyssinian Crises
Locked
The coming of war, 1935–1941
2K - Germany’s challenges to the Treaty of Versailles: the aims and actions of Hitler
Locked
2K - The international response to German, Italian and Japanese aggression: the Rhineland Crisis
Locked
2K - The outbreak of war in Europe: appeasement
Locked
2K - From Western European to World War: the reasons for the escalation to world war
Locked
Component 2 option 2L — Italy and Fascism, c1900–1945
The Crisis of Liberal Italy, c1900–1915
2L - The political, economic and social condition of Italy c1900: the legacy of unification
Locked
2L - The political system and Giolittianism: the role of the monarchy
Locked
2L - Challenges to the ruling elites: industrialisation and social change
Locked
2L - Italian foreign policies: the Triple Alliance
Locked
The collapse of Liberal Italy and Mussolini’s Rise to Power, 1915–1922
2L - Italy’s war effort: aims and expectations
Locked
2L - Italy and the ‘Mutilated Victory’: reactions within Italy to the post-war peace settlement and treaties
Locked
2L - The post-war economic crisis and social unrest: unemployment and inflation
Locked
2L - Political breakdown and the rise of extremism: strikes
Locked
Mussolini and the establishment of Fascist Italy, 1922–1926
2L - The appointment of Mussolini as prime minister: Mussolini’s tactics and the March on Rome
Locked
2L - The Fascist movement: the ideology of Fascist revolution
Locked
2L - Mussolini’s consolidation of power: compromises with the elites
Locked
2L - The Fascist state by 1926: the extent of Mussolini’s political control
Locked
Fascist society, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
2L - Propaganda and the cult of Il Duce: control of the media
Locked
2L - The police state: the machinery of Fascist repression
Locked
2L - Fascist economic policies: the establishment and implementation of the Corporate State
Locked
2L - Fascist society: relations between the Fascist regime and the Church
Locked
Fascist foreign policies, 1926–1940 (A-level only)
2L - Mussolini’s foreign policy ambitions: the restoration of prestige
Locked
2L - Mussolini the statesman: relations with Britain and France
Locked
2L - Mussolini and Empire: the invasion of Abyssinia and the conduct of the war
Locked
2L - The slide towards war: the Spanish Civil War
Locked
Fascist Italy and war, 1940–1945 (A-level only)
2L - The decision to enter the war: Mussolini’s war aims
Locked
2L - Italy’s war effort: military campaigns
Locked
2L - The fall of Mussolini in 1943: Allied invasion of Sicily and the crisis of the Fascist regime
Locked
2L - The final collapse of Fascism: the restoration of Mussolini
Locked
Component 2 option 2M — Wars and Welfare: Britain in Transition, 1906–1957
The Liberal crisis, 1906–1914
2M - The Liberal governments: the 1906 election
Locked
2M - The state of the economy: staples
Locked
2M - Social issues: class division
Locked
2M - Challenges and crises: the constitutional crisis
Locked
The impact of war, 1914–1922
2M - Politics in wartime: the 1915 coalition
Locked
2M - Economic issues: Britain's wartime economy
Locked
2M - Social and cultural impact of war: role of women
Locked
2M - Ireland: the Easter Rising
Locked
The search for stability, 1922–1929
2M - Political developments: the decline of the Liberals
Locked
2M - Economic issues: post-war re-adjustment and return to Gold Standard
Locked
2M - Social and cultural change: unemployment and regional division
Locked
2M - The 1929 election: the franchise extension and 'flapper vote'
Locked
The 'Hungry Thirties', 1929–1939 (A-level only)
2M - Political developments: the Labour government
Locked
2M - Economic issues: the Depression and financial crisis
Locked
2M - Social and cultural impact of the Depression: changes in working opportunities and living standards
Locked
2M - Challenges to stability: the abdication crisis
Locked
The People's War and Peace, 1939–1951 (A-level only)
2M - Political developments: the fall of Chamberlain
Locked
2M - Economic issues: mobilisation of resources in wartime
Locked
2M - The social and cultural impact of 'total' war: conscription
Locked
2M - Britain by 1951: the Festival of Britain
Locked
'Never had it so good'? 1951–1957 (A-level only)
2M - Conservative governments and reasons for political dominance: Churchill, Eden and Macmillan as political leaders
Locked
2M - Economic developments: post-war boom
Locked
2M - Social and cultural developments: rising living standards
Locked
2M - Britain by 1957: issues relating to New Commonwealth migrants and race-relations
Locked
Component 2 option 2N — Revolution and dictatorship: Russia, 1917–1953
Dissent and Revolution, 1917
AQA 7042 · 2N · R01 - The condition of Russia before the revolution of February⁄March 1917: the Tsar and political authority
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R02 - The February⁄March revolution of 1917: causes and course of revolution
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R03 - Developments between the revolutions including: the return of Lenin
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R04 - The October⁄November 1917 revolution: causes, course and extent of revolution
Locked
Bolshevik consolidation, 1918–1924
AQA 7042 · 2N · R05 - The consolidation of the Communist dictatorship: the establishment of one-party control
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R06 - The Civil War: causes and course; the role of Trotsky
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R07 - Economic and social developments: state capitalism; social change
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R08 - Foreign relations and attitudes of foreign powers: foreign intervention in the Civil War
Locked
Stalin’s rise to power, 1924–1929
AQA 7042 · 2N · R09 - The power vacuum and power struggle: ideology and the nature of leadership
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R10 - Ideological debates and issues in the leadership struggle: NEP and industrialisation
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R11 - Economic developments: reasons for and impact of the 'Great Turn'
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R12 - Government, propaganda and the beginning of the Stalinist cult
Locked
Economy and society, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
AQA 7042 · 2N · R13.1⁄2 - Collectivisation: organisation, state farms and mechanisation
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R13.2⁄2 - Collectivisation: peasants, famine and results
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R14.1⁄3 - Five Year Plans: Gosplan, aims and production
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R14.2⁄3 - Industrial projects, labour and lived experience
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R14.3⁄3 - Stakhanovism, results and the success of the Five Year Plans
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R15 - The development of the Stalin cult: literature, the arts and other propaganda
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R16 - The social and economic condition of the Soviet Union by 1941: strengths and weaknesses
Locked
Stalinism, politics and control, 1929–1941 (A-level only)
AQA 7042 · 2N · R17 - Dictatorship and Stalinism: the machinery of state terror; the NKVD
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R18 - The Yezhovshchina: mass terror and repression at central and local levels
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R19 - Culture and society: church; women, young people and working men
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R20 - Stalin and international relations: co-operation with Germany
Locked
The Great Patriotic War and Stalin’s Dictatorship, 1941–1953 (A-level only)
AQA 7042 · 2N · R21 - The impact of the war on the Soviet Union: Operation Barbarossa and the Stalinist reaction
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R22 - The defeat of the Germans: reasons and results; post-war reconstruction
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R23.1⁄2 - High Stalinism, renewed terror and the NKVD
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R23.2⁄2 - Zhdanovism, the personality cult and late purges
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2N · R24 - The transformation of the Soviet Union’s international position: the emergence of a 'superpower'
Locked
Component 2 option 2O — Democracy and Nazism: Germany, 1918–1945
The Establishment and early years of Weimar, 1918–1924
AQA 7042 · 2O · R01 - The impact of war and the political crises of October to November 1918
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R02 - The Peace Settlement: expectations and reality; terms and problems
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R03 - Economic and social issues: post-war legacy and the state of the German economy and society
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R04 - Political instability and extremism; risings on the left and right, including the Kapp Putsch
Locked
The 'Golden Age' of the Weimar Republic, 1924–1928
AQA 7042 · 2O · R05 - Economic developments: Stresemann; the Dawes Plan
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R06 - Social developments: social welfare reforms; the development of Weimar culture
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R07 - Political developments and the workings of democracy: President Hindenburg
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R08 - Germany’s international position; Stresemann's foreign policy aims and achievements including: Locarno
Locked
The Collapse of Democracy, 1928–1933
AQA 7042 · 2O · R09 - The economic, social and political impact of the Depression: elections
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R10 - The appeal of Nazism and Communism; the tactics and fortunes of the extremist parties, including the role of propaganda
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R11 - Hindenburg, Papen, Schleicher and the 'backstairs intrigue' leading to Hitler’s appointment as chancellor
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R12 - Political developments: the Reichstag Fire; parties and elections
Locked
The Nazi Dictatorship, 1933–1939 (A-level only)
AQA 7042 · 2O · R13 - Hitler’s consolidation of power, March 1933–1934: governmental and administrative change and the establishment of the one-party state; the Night of the Long Knives and the impact of the death of President Hindenburg
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R14 - The 'Terror State': the police, including the SS and Gestapo
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R15 - Economic policies and the degree of economic recovery; Schacht
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R16 - Social policies: young people; women
Locked
The Racial State, 1933–1941 (A-level only)
AQA 7042 · 2O · R17 - The radicalisation of the state: Nazi racial ideology; policies towards the mentally ill, asocials, homosexuals, members of religious sects, the Roma and Sinti
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R18 - Anti-Semitism: policies and actions towards the Jews, including the boycott of Jewish shops and the Nuremberg Laws
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R19 - The development of anti-Semitic policies and actions; the effect of the Anschluss
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R20 - The treatment of Jews in the early years of war: the Einsatzgruppen
Locked
The impact of War, 1939–1945 (A-level only)
AQA 7042 · 2O · R21 - Rationing, indoctrination, propaganda and morale; the changing impact of war on different sections of society
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R22 - The wartime economy and the work of Speer; the impact of bombing
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R23 - Policies towards the Jews and the ‘untermenschen’ during wartime
Locked
AQA 7042 · 2O · R24 - Opposition and resistance in wartime including students, churchmen, the army and civilian critics
Locked
Component 2 option 2P — The Transformation of China, 1936–1997
The Origins of the Civil War, 1936–1946
2P - The condition of China in 1936: Japanese expansion in China
Locked
2P - The Chinese Communist Party: background
Locked
2P - The Sino-Japanese war: the Xi'an incident and the Second United Front
Locked
2P - The end of the Japanese war: the breakdown of Nationalist/Communist cooperation and outbreak of Civil War
Locked
Communist victory and the consolidation of Mao's rule, 1946–1952
2P - Communist victory: reasons for Communist success
Locked
2P - The People's Republic of China: Mao's position in government
Locked
2P - The consolidation of power: mass mobilisation campaigns and purges
Locked
2P - PRC's international position and dealings with neighbours: Korea , Tibet, Taiwan and the USSR
Locked
The transition to Socialism, 1952–1962
2P - Political developments: issues of leadership and purges of the CCP
Locked
2P - Economic developments: industry and agriculture
Locked
2P - Social developments: the destruction of rightists, class enemies and rectification campaigns
Locked
2P - Foreign affairs: Korea
Locked
Reform and Control, 1962–1966 (A-level only)
2P - Leadership in the PRC: Mao's position in 1962
Locked
2P - Economic developments: pragmatism and the policies of Liu Shaoqi and Deng Xiaoping
Locked
2P - Social change: women
Locked
2P - International relations: Sino-Soviet relations and conflict over Xinjiang
Locked
The Cultural Revolution, 1966–1976 (A-level only)
2P - The origins of the Cultural Revolution: the Shanghai radicals
Locked
2P - The development of the Cultural Revolution: the actions of the Red Guards
Locked
2P - The economic, social and cultural impact of the Cultural Revolution: effect on economic growth
Locked
2P - Foreign affairs: deterioration of relations with USSR and border conflict of 1969
Locked
The PRC under Deng Xiaoping, 1976–1997 (A-level only)
2P - Mao's legacy: the power struggle after Mao’s death
Locked
2P - Economic developments: the 'Four Modernisations' and economic growth
Locked
2P - Political developments: limitations to change
Locked
2P - China as a global power by 1997: diplomatic ties and role in UN Security Council
Locked
Component 2 option 2Q — The American Dream: reality and illusion, 1945–1980
Truman and Post-war America, 1945–1952
2Q - The United States in 1945 and the legacies of the world war: the powers of the presidency
Locked
2Q - The USA as a Superpower: Truman’s character and policies
Locked
2Q - Truman and post-war reconstruction: the economy
Locked
2Q - African-Americans in North and South: the impact of the Second World War
Locked
Eisenhower: tranquility and crisis, 1952–1960
2Q - The presidency: Eisenhower’s personality and the policies of ‘dynamic conservatism’
Locked
2Q - The growth of the American economy in the 1950s and the impact of the ‘consumer society’
Locked
2Q - The USA and the Cold War: Superpower rivalry and conflict with the USSR
Locked
2Q - African-Americans in North and South: the emergence of the Civil Rights Movement
Locked
John F Kennedy and the 'New Frontier', 1960–1963
2Q - The presidential election of 1960 and reasons for Kennedy’s victory
Locked
2Q - Challenges to American power: the legacy of crises over Berlin and relations with Khrushchev
Locked
2Q - African-Americans in North and South: the rise of the Civil Rights Movement
Locked
2Q - The United States by 1963: its position as a world power
Locked
The Johnson Presidency, 1963–1968 (A-level only)
2Q - Johnson as President: personality and policies
Locked
2Q - Maintaining American world power: escalation of the war in Vietnam
Locked
2Q - African-Americans in North and South: developments in the Civil Rights Movement
Locked
2Q - Social divisions and protest movements: education and youth
Locked
Republican reaction: the Nixon Presidency, 1968–1974 (A-level only)
2Q - The Presidential election of 1968 and the reasons for Nixon’s victory: divisions within the Democratic Party
Locked
2Q - The restoration of conservative social policies
Locked
2Q - The limits of American world power: peace negotiations and the continuation of the war in Vietnam and Cambodia
Locked
2Q - The Watergate Affair and its aftermath: the role of Congress
Locked
The USA after Nixon, 1974–1980 (A-level only)
2Q - Ford and Carter as presidents: responses to social divisions
Locked
2Q - The position of the USA as a world power: the final withdrawal from Vietnam
Locked
2Q - African-Americans in North and South: the impact of civil rights legislation
Locked
2Q - The USA by 1980: its position as a Superpower
Locked
Component 2 option 2R — The Cold War, c1945–1991
The Origins of the Cold War, c1945–1949
2R - US, British and USSR relations in 1945: conflicting ideologies
Locked
2R - Developing tensions: the Soviet Union occupation/control of eastern and southern Europe
Locked
2R - The USA’s involvement in Europe: policy towards Britain and Europe
Locked
2R - Conflict over Germany: developments within the sectors, including Bizonia and currency reform
Locked
The Widening of the Cold War, 1949–1955
2R - US containment in action in Asia: the reconstruction of Japan and US-Japanese relations
Locked
2R - The Korean War: causes, position and aims of Kim Il Sung and Syngman Rhee
Locked
2R - Increasing Cold War tensions: McCarthyism in the USA and its influence in Britain and Europe
Locked
2R - Alliances and shifts: FRG and NATO
Locked
The Global War, 1955–1963
2R - Khrushchev and East-West relations: impact of risings in Poland and Hungary and Soviet intervention
Locked
2R - Cold War rivalries: the extension of the arms race including ICBMs
Locked
2R - Conflict in Asia: Indo-China under Ho Chi-Minh in the North and Diem in the South
Locked
2R - Confrontation between the superpowers: US attitudes to Cuba and developments leading to the missile crisis
Locked
Confrontation and cooperation, c1963–1972 (A-level only)
2R - Confrontation in the Vietnam War: Johnson's policy in Vietnam
Locked
2R - Nixon's policies in Vietnam: Vietnamisation
Locked
2R - Cooperation: attitudes of Khrushchev and Kennedy
Locked
2R - Pressures on USSR: the crisis in Czechoslovakia and the Brezhnev doctrine
Locked
The Brezhnev era, 1972–1985 (A-level only)
2R - The USA and SE Asia: Paris peace talks
Locked
2R - The extent of Détente up to 1979: the SALT talks
Locked
2R - The Second Cold War: the reasons for renewed hostilities and developments, including the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan
Locked
2R - Developments in Africa and the Americas: the impact of Cuban intervention in Angola and Ethiopia
Locked
The ending of the Cold War, 1985–1991 (A-level only)
2R - Gorbachev and the ending of the Cold War: pressures on and significance of Gorbachev as Soviet leader
Locked
2R - The summits between the USA and the USSR, including Geneva, Reykjavik, Washington and Moscow
Locked
2R - The collapse of Communism in the Eastern European soviet satellite states
Locked
2R - The ending of Cold War tensions in Asia: Afghanistan
Locked
Component 2 option 2S — The Making of Modern Britain, 1951–2007
The Affluent Society, 1951–1964
2S - Conservative governments and reasons for political dominance: Churchill, Eden, Macmillan and Home as political leaders
Locked
2S - Economic developments: post-war boom
Locked
2S - Social developments: rising living standards
Locked
2S - Foreign relations: EFTA and attempts to join the EEC
Locked
The Sixties, 1964–1970
2S - Wilson and the Labour governments: Wilson's ideology and leadership
Locked
2S - Liberal reforming legislation: private members' bills and the end of capital punishment
Locked
2S - Social and cultural change: the expansion of the mass media
Locked
2S - Relations with and policies towards USA, particularly issue of Vietnam
Locked
The end of Post-War Consensus, 1970–1979
2S - Heath’s government: Heath as leader
Locked
2S - Labour governments of Wilson and Callaghan: political, economic and industrial problems and policies
Locked
2S - Society in the 1970s: progress of feminism
Locked
2S - Britain's entry into and relations with Europe
Locked
The impact of Thatcherism, 1979–1987 (A-level only)
2S - The Thatcher governments: Thatcher as leader, character and ideology
Locked
2S - Thatcher's economic policies and their impact: monetarism
Locked
2S - Impact of Thatcherism on society: sale of council houses
Locked
2S - Foreign Affairs: the Falklands
Locked
Towards a new Consensus, 1987–1997 (A-level only)
2S - Fall of Thatcher and her legacy
Locked
2S - Realignment of the Labour Party under Kinnock, Smith and Blair
Locked
2S - Social issues: the extent of 'social liberalism'
Locked
2S - Foreign affairs: relations with Europe, including the impact of the Single European Act and Maastricht Treaty
Locked
The Era of New Labour, 1997–2007 (A-level only)
2S - The Labour governments: Blair as leader, character and ideology
Locked
2S - The Conservative Party: leaders and reason for divisions
Locked
2S - Social issues: workers, women and youth
Locked
2S - Foreign affairs: attitudes to Europe
Locked
Component 2 option 2T — The Crisis of Communism: The USSR and the Soviet Empire, 1953–2000
De-Stalinisation, 1953–1964
2T - The USSR in 1953: the Stalinist legacy
Locked
2T - Khrushchev as leader: character
Locked
2T - Economic and social developments: the reasons for and results of reform of industry and agriculture, including partial decentralisation and the virgin lands scheme
Locked
2T - Soviet foreign and international policies: split with China
Locked
Years of Stagnation, 1964–1985
2T - Brezhnev as leader: reasons for Khrushchev's removal from power and Brezhnev's ascendancy
Locked
2T - Economic and social policies and problems under Brezhnev: attempted reforms of Kosygin
Locked
2T - Foreign and international policies: détente with the West
Locked
2T - Pressures for change and the reaction of the regime: political dissidents and protest, including Andrei Sakharov and Alexander Solzhenitsyn
Locked
The Gorbachev Revolution, 1985–2000
2T - Gorbachev as leader: personality, aims and power base
Locked
2T - Economic, political and social policies under Gorbachev: impact of Chernobyl
Locked
2T - Revolution and counter-revolution in the USSR: opposition to Gorbachev's policies
Locked
2T - Yeltsin as leader: personality and aims
Locked
Soviet Satellites, 1953–1968
2T - The political and economic condition of the satellite states of central Europe: Poland and the leadership of Gomulka
Locked
2T - Life in the Soviet satellite states: enforced Sovietisation
Locked
2T - Repression in the Soviet satellite states: state security
Locked
2T - Threats to stability in the Soviet satellite states: risings in East Germany, Poland and Hungary
Locked
'Real existing Socialism', 1968–1980
2T - Political developments in the satellite states of central Europe: Poland and the leadership of Gierek
Locked
2T - Economic and social developments in the Soviet satellite states: economic reforms
Locked
2T - Challenges to Soviet control in the Soviet satellite states: Western influence and the media
Locked
2T - Strikes and demonstrations in Poland
Locked
The Collapse of the Soviet Empire, 1980–2000
2T - Political developments and activism within the satellite states before 1989: Jaruzelski and attempts to restrain Solidarity in Poland
Locked
2T - The state of Communism in the satellite states of Romania and Bulgaria by 1989: leadership of Ceausescu in Romania and Zhivkov in Bulgaria
Locked
2T - The collapse of Communism within the satellite states in 1989: reasons for and results of demonstrations and peaceful revolution in East Germany, Poland, Hungary, Czechoslovakia, Bulgaria and violent change in Romania
Locked
2T - The new national states of Eastern and Central Europe: political issues
Locked
Component 3 — Historical investigation
Choosing a valid independent investigation
AQA 7042 · C3.01 - What makes the Historical Investigation independent historical work?
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.02 - The 100-year context, no-duplication rule and 200-year chronology test
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.03 - Screening a topic for scope, debate and available evidence
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.04 - Two valid question routes: development or significance in context
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.05 - Stress-testing a question for valid dates, genuine debate and answerability
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.06 - Approval, title changes and Candidate Record Form checkpoints
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.07 - Individual ownership when a centre uses a common topic
Locked
Researching evidence and interpretations
AQA 7042 · C3.08 - Independent research: finding, checking and using a range of resources
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.09 - Building a valid primary and contemporary source set
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.10 - AO2 source interrogation in historical context
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.11 - Judging a source's value for a specific question
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.12 - Selecting two differing interpretations by academic historians
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.13 - AO3: comparing interpretations through time, context and limitations
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.14 - How interpretations may relate to the 100-year context
Locked
Integrating AO1, AO2 and AO3
AQA 7042 · C3.15 - AO1 across approximately 100 years: concepts, change and continuity
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.16 - From description to analysis and substantiated judgement
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.17 - Integrating AO1, AO2 and AO3 in one extended response
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.18 - Word-count rules and a compliant process budget
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.19 - Quotation, paraphrase and writing in your own words
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.20 - Footnotes, bibliography and an auditable evidence trail
Locked
Authentication, supervision and responsible AI
AQA 7042 · C3.21 - What general teacher support is permitted?
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.22 - Where teacher feedback must stop
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.23 - Supervision, progress evidence and authentic declarations
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.24 - Malpractice boundaries before and after authentication
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.25 - Valid preliminary uses of AI without surrendering independent thought
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.26 - Referencing and independently verifying AI use
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.27 - Unacceptable AI use in AO1, AO2 and AO3
Locked
AQA 7042 · C3.28 - AI authentication, monitoring, marking and malpractice reporting
Locked