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Fundamentals of algorithms

Representing and comparing algorithms

3.1.1 - Algorithms, decomposition and abstraction

3.1.1 - Designing, representing and tracing algorithms

3.1.2 - Comparing algorithm efficiency

Searching and sorting

3.1.3 - Linear search

3.1.3 - Binary search and search comparisons

3.1.4 - Bubble sort

3.1.4 - Merge sort and sort comparisons

Programming foundations

Python route

3.2.1, 3.2.7 - Data types, input and output (Python)

3.2.2 - Variables, constants and sequence (Python)

3.2.3 - Arithmetic and division (Python)

3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5 - Selection and Boolean conditions (Python)

3.2.2 - Count-controlled iteration (Python)

3.2.2 - Condition-controlled iteration (Python)

3.2.2 - Nested selection and iteration (Python)

C# route

3.2.1, 3.2.7 - Data types, input and output (C#)

3.2.2 - Variables, constants and sequence (C#)

3.2.3 - Arithmetic and division (C#)

3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5 - Selection and Boolean conditions (C#)

3.2.2 - Count-controlled iteration (C#)

3.2.2 - Condition-controlled iteration (C#)

3.2.2 - Nested selection and iteration (C#)

VB.NET route

3.2.1, 3.2.7 - Data types, input and output (VB.NET)

3.2.2 - Variables, constants and sequence (VB.NET)

3.2.3 - Arithmetic and division (VB.NET)

3.2.2, 3.2.4, 3.2.5 - Selection and Boolean conditions (VB.NET)

3.2.2 - Count-controlled iteration (VB.NET)

3.2.2 - Condition-controlled iteration (VB.NET)

3.2.2 - Nested selection and iteration (VB.NET)

Data structures and modular programs

Python route

3.2.6 - One-dimensional arrays (Python)

3.2.6 - Two-dimensional arrays (Python)

3.2.6 - Records and fields (Python)

3.2.8 - String operations and conversions (Python)

3.2.9 - Random number generation (Python)

3.2.2, 3.2.10 - Subroutines, parameters and return values (Python)

3.2.10 - Local variables and modular design (Python)

C# route

3.2.6 - One-dimensional arrays (C#)

3.2.6 - Two-dimensional arrays (C#)

3.2.6 - Records and fields (C#)

3.2.8 - String operations and conversions (C#)

3.2.9 - Random number generation (C#)

3.2.2, 3.2.10 - Subroutines, parameters and return values (C#)

3.2.10 - Local variables and modular design (C#)

VB.NET route

3.2.6 - One-dimensional arrays (VB.NET)

3.2.6 - Two-dimensional arrays (VB.NET)

3.2.6 - Records and fields (VB.NET)

3.2.8 - String operations and conversions (VB.NET)

3.2.9 - Random number generation (VB.NET)

3.2.2, 3.2.10 - Subroutines, parameters and return values (VB.NET)

3.2.10 - Local variables and modular design (VB.NET)

Robust and secure programs

Python route

3.2.11 - Data validation routines (Python)

3.2.11 - Authentication routines (Python)

3.2.11 - Test data and program refinement (Python)

3.2.11 - Finding and correcting program errors (Python)

C# route

3.2.11 - Data validation routines (C#)

3.2.11 - Authentication routines (C#)

3.2.11 - Test data and program refinement (C#)

3.2.11 - Finding and correcting program errors (C#)

VB.NET route

3.2.11 - Data validation routines (VB.NET)

3.2.11 - Authentication routines (VB.NET)

3.2.11 - Test data and program refinement (VB.NET)

3.2.11 - Finding and correcting program errors (VB.NET)

Fundamentals of data representation

Numbers and information

3.3.1 - Number bases and binary data

3.3.2 - Converting between number bases

3.3.3 - Bits, bytes and decimal prefixes

3.3.4 - Binary addition

3.3.4 - Logical binary shifts

Text, images, sound and compression

3.3.5 - ASCII and Unicode character encoding

3.3.6 - Bitmap pixels, colour depth and file size

3.3.6 - Encoding and drawing bitmap data

3.3.7 - Sampling sound and calculating file size

3.3.8 - Compression and Huffman coding

3.3.8 - Run length encoding

Computer systems

Logic, software and translation

3.4.1 - Hardware and software

3.4.2 - Logic gates and truth tables

3.4.2 - Logic circuits and Boolean expressions

3.4.3 - System software, operating systems and utilities

3.4.4 - High-level, assembly and machine languages

3.4.4 - Compilers, interpreters and assemblers

Architecture, storage and embedded systems

3.4.5 - CPU components and the Fetch-Execute cycle

3.4.5 - Memory types and CPU performance

3.4.5 - Magnetic and solid-state storage

3.4.5 - Cloud and local storage

3.4.5 - Embedded and non-embedded systems

Fundamentals of computer networks

Network connections and protocols

3.5 - Networks, PANs, LANs and WANs

3.5 - Wired and wireless networks

3.5 - Network protocols and TCP/IP layers

3.5 - Network security methods

Cyber security

Threats and protection

3.6.1, 3.6.2 - Cyber security and system weaknesses

3.6.2, 3.6.2.1 - Social engineering and protection

3.6.2, 3.6.2.2 - Malware and protection

3.6.2 - Penetration testing

3.6.3 - Detecting and preventing security threats

Relational databases and SQL

Relational data and written SQL

3.7.1 - Relational databases, tables and keys

3.7.2 - SQL selection, filtering and ordering

3.7.2 - SQL retrieval from two related tables

3.7.2 - SQL insertion, update and deletion

Impacts of digital technology

Ethical, legal and environmental decisions

3.8 - Privacy, security and digital society

3.8 - Mobile, wearable and implanted technologies

3.8 - Autonomous vehicles and reasoned judgments

3.4.1 - Hardware and software

3.4.1 - Hardware and software

Distinguish the physical components of a computer from the instructions they execute, then explain how hardware and software work together to perform a user's task.

Physical hardware

Hardware consists of the physical components that make up a computer system.

Hardware

The physical devices and components of a computer system.

A keyboard, processor, memory chip, storage drive and screen are all hardware. Some components are outside the case, while others are inside it; visibility does not determine whether something is hardware.

These components carry out different roles. A keyboard supplies input, the processor carries out instructions, memory holds data being used, a storage drive retains files, and the screen provides output. A touch screen can perform both input and output roles. The physical drive is hardware even though it contains software files.

For example, when a student types a sentence, the keyboard detects physical key presses. The processor handles the received data, and the display shows the result. Identifying hardware means identifying the device or component, rather than the particular application currently using it.

Software and its relationship to hardware

Software supplies the programs and instructions that direct hardware to carry out tasks.

Software

Programs or instructions executed by a computer system.

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