Roadmap
Papers 1 and 2 (fundamental concepts)
4.1 - Atomic structure and the periodic table
4.1.1.1 - Atoms, elements, compounds and equations
4.1.1.2 - Separating mixtures
4.1.1.3 - How the atomic model developed
4.1.1.4,4.1.1.5 - Subatomic particles, isotopes and atomic scale
4.1.1.6,4.1.1.7 - Relative atomic mass and electronic structure
4.1.2.1,4.1.2.2,4.1.2.3 - The periodic table and its development
4.1.2.4,4.1.2.5 - Group 0 and Group 1
4.1.2.6 - Halogens and displacement
4.1.3.1,4.1.3.2 - Transition metals and their compounds
4.2 - Bonding, structure and properties of matter
4.2.1.1,4.2.1.2,4.2.1.3,4.2.2.3 - Ionic bonding and ionic compounds
4.2.1.1,4.2.1.4 - Covalent bonding and representations
4.2.1.5,4.2.2.7,4.2.2.8 - Metallic bonding, metals and alloys
4.2.2.1,4.2.2.2 - States of matter and changes of state
4.2.2.4,4.2.2.5 - Small molecules and polymers
4.2.2.6,4.2.3.1,4.2.3.2 - Giant covalent structures, diamond and graphite
4.2.3.3 - Graphene, fullerenes and nanotubes
4.2.4.1,4.2.4.2 - Nanoparticles, surface area and applications
4.3 - Quantitative chemistry
4.3.1.1,4.3.1.2,4.3.1.3 - Conservation of mass and formula calculations
4.3.1.4 - Chemical measurements and uncertainty
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4.3.2.1 - Moles, masses and particle numbers
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4.3.2.2 - Reacting masses from equations
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4.3.2.3,4.3.2.4 - Balancing from masses and limiting reactants
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4.3.2.5 - Mass concentration of solutions
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4.3.3.1,4.3.3.2 - Percentage yield and atom economy
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4.3.4 - Molar concentration and titration calculations
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4.3.5 - Gas volumes at room temperature and pressure
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Paper 1
4.4 - Chemical changes
4.4.1.1,4.4.1.2,4.4.1.3 - Metal reactions, reactivity and extraction
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4.4.2.1,4.4.2.2,4.4.2.4 - Acids, neutralisation and pH
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4.4.2.3 - Preparing soluble salts
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4.4.2.5 - Acid–alkali titration
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4.4.2.6 - Strong and weak acids
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4.4.3.1,4.4.3.2 - Electrolysis of molten compounds
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4.4.3.3 - Extracting aluminium by electrolysis
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4.4.3.4 - Aqueous electrolysis and its investigation
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4.4.3.5 - Electrode half equations
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4.5 - Energy changes
4.5.1.1 - Exothermic and endothermic reactions
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4.5.1.2 - Reaction profiles and activation energy
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4.5.1.3 - Bond energies and reaction energy changes
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4.5.2.1,4.5.2.2 - Cells, batteries and hydrogen fuel cells
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Paper 1; Paper 2 fundamental Higher half/ionic-equation strand only
4.4 - Chemical changes
4.4.1.4,4.1.1.1 - Electron transfer and ionic equations
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Paper 2
4.6 - Rate and extent of chemical change
4.6.1.1 - Measuring rates and interpreting rate graphs
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4.6.1.2,4.6.1.3,4.6.1.4 - Collision theory, rate factors and catalysts
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4.6.1.2 - Investigating concentration and rate
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4.6.2.1,4.6.2.2,4.6.2.3 - Reversible reactions and dynamic equilibrium
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4.6.2.4,4.6.2.5,4.6.2.6,4.6.2.7 - Changing equilibrium conditions
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4.7 - Organic chemistry
4.7.1.1,4.7.1.2 - Crude oil, alkanes and fractional distillation
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4.7.1.3,4.7.1.4 - Hydrocarbon properties, combustion and cracking
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4.7.2.1,4.7.2.2 - Alkenes and addition reactions
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4.7.2.3 - Alcohols and fermentation
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4.7.2.4 - Carboxylic acids and esters
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4.7.3.1 - Addition polymers and monomers
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4.7.3.2,4.7.3.3 - Condensation polymers and amino acids
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4.7.3.4 - DNA and naturally occurring polymers
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4.8 - Chemical analysis
4.8.1.1,4.8.1.2 - Purity and formulations
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4.8.1.3 - Chromatography and retention factors
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4.8.2.1,4.8.2.2,4.8.2.3,4.8.2.4 - Identifying hydrogen, oxygen, carbon dioxide and chlorine
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4.8.3.1,4.8.3.2 - Flame tests and metal hydroxide tests
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4.8.3.3,4.8.3.4,4.8.3.5 - Tests for carbonate, halide and sulfate ions
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4.8.3.6,4.8.3.7 - Instrumental analysis and flame emission spectroscopy
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4.9 - Chemistry of the atmosphere
4.9.1.1,4.9.1.2,4.9.1.3,4.9.1.4 - The atmosphere and its evolution
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4.9.2.1,4.9.2.2 - Greenhouse gases and human activities
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4.9.2.3,4.9.2.4 - Climate change and carbon footprints
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4.9.3.1,4.9.3.2 - Air pollutants from fuels
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4.10 - Using resources
4.10.1.1,4.10.2.2 - Resources, sustainability, reuse and recycling
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4.10.2.1 - Life cycle assessments
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4.10.1.2 - Potable water and water analysis
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4.10.1.3 - Waste water treatment
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4.10.1.4 - Phytomining and bioleaching
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4.10.3.1,4.10.3.2 - Corrosion protection and useful alloys
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4.10.3.3 - Ceramics, polymers and composites
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4.10.4.1 - The Haber process
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4.10.4.2 - Producing NPK fertilisers
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Papers 1 and 2 (skills)
Scientific and mathematical skills
3 - Scientific models, evidence and decisions
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3 - Experimental design and practical measurements
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7 - Mathematics and graphs in chemistry
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