Roadmap
Development of practical skills in chemistry
1.1 - Practical skills assessed in a written examination
1.1.1 - Planning practical investigations
1.1.2 - Implementing measurements and observations
1.1.3 - Analysis, graphs and significant figures
1.1.4 - Evaluation, uncertainty and improvements
1.2 - Practical skills assessed in the practical endorsement
1.2.1 - Practical endorsement skills
1.2.2a-c - Core measurement, heating and pH techniques
1.2.2d-f - Volumetric glassware, reflux, filtration and indicators
1.2.2g-l - Purification, chromatography, cells, rates and safety
Foundations in chemistry
2.1 - Atoms and reactions
2.1.1a-b - Atomic structure and isotopes
2.1.1c-e - Relative mass and mass spectrometry
2.1.2 - Compounds, formulae and equations
2.1.3a - The mole and chemical amount
2.1.3b-d - Empirical, molecular and hydrated formulae
2.1.3e,g - Reacting masses, concentrations and stoichiometry
2.1.3f - The ideal gas equation
2.1.3h-j - Percentage yield, atom economy and measurement
2.1.4a-c - Acids, bases, alkalis and neutralisation
2.1.4d-e - Acid-base titrations
2.1.5a-c - Oxidation numbers and redox nomenclature
2.1.5d-f - Redox reactions and electron transfer
2.2 - Electrons, bonding and structure
2.2.1 - Electron structure
2.2.2a-c - Ionic bonding and giant ionic lattices
2.2.2d-f - Covalent bonding and dot-and-cross diagrams
2.2.2g-h - Shapes of simple molecules and ions
2.2.2i-j - Electronegativity, bond polarity and molecular dipoles
2.2.2k-l - Intermolecular forces and hydrogen bonding
2.2.2m-o - Water, simple molecular lattices and properties
Periodic table and energy
3.1 - The periodic table
3.1.1a-c - Periodic table, ionisation energy and electron configuration
3.1.1d-g - Giant lattices and melting point trends
3.1.2a-c - Group 2 reactivity and ionisation energy
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3.1.2d-e - Group 2 oxides, hydroxides and uses
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3.1.3a-d - Halogen properties and reactivity trends
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3.1.3e-f - Disproportionation and chlorine in water treatment
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3.1.3g - Halide ion tests
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3.1.4 - Inorganic qualitative analysis
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3.2 - Physical chemistry
3.2.1a-d - Enthalpy profiles, activation energy and definitions
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3.2.1e,h - Calorimetry and direct enthalpy determination
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3.2.1f - Average bond enthalpies
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3.2.1g - Hess' law and enthalpy cycles
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3.2.2a-b - Collision theory and rate graphs
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3.2.2c-e - Catalysts and rate practicals
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3.2.2f-g - Boltzmann distributions
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3.2.3a-d - Dynamic equilibrium and Le Chatelier's principle
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3.2.3e - Industrial equilibrium compromises
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3.2.3f-g - Equilibrium constant Kc
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Core organic chemistry
4.1 - Basic concepts and hydrocarbons
4.1.1a-b - Organic nomenclature and formula representations
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4.1.1c-d - Functional groups, homologous series and general formulae
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4.1.1e - Structural isomerism
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4.1.1f-i - Covalent fission, radicals and curly arrows
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4.1.2a-c - Alkane structure, shape and physical properties
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4.1.2d-e - Combustion and low reactivity of alkanes
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4.1.2f-g - Radical substitution of alkanes
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4.1.3a-b,e - Alkene bonding, shape and reactivity
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4.1.3c-d - Stereoisomerism in alkenes
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4.1.3f-i - Addition reactions and electrophilic addition
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4.1.3j-l - Addition polymers and polymer sustainability
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4.2 - Alcohols, haloalkanes and analysis
4.2.1a-b - Alcohol properties, classification and combustion
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4.2.1c - Oxidation of alcohols
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4.2.1d-e - Elimination and substitution of alcohols
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4.2.2a-d - Haloalkane hydrolysis and nucleophilic substitution
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4.2.2e - Organohalogens and ozone depletion
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4.2.3a - Organic liquid preparation and purification
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4.2.3b-c - Two-stage organic synthesis
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4.2.4a-b,e - IR principles, atmospheric gases and applications
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4.2.4c-d - IR spectrum interpretation
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4.2.4f-g - Organic mass spectrometry
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4.2.4h - Combined organic analysis
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Physical chemistry and transition elements
5.1 - Rates, equilibrium and pH
5.1.1a-c - Rate equations, orders and rate constants
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5.1.1d-g - Concentration-time graphs, half-life and rate-concentration graphs
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5.1.1h - Initial rates, continuous monitoring and colorimetry
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5.1.1i - Rate-determining step
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5.1.1j-k - Arrhenius equation and temperature effects
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5.1.2a-c - Equilibrium amounts, mole fraction and partial pressure
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5.1.2d-e - Kc and Kp expressions, calculations and units
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5.1.2f-h - Equilibrium constants and position of equilibrium
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5.1.3a-c - Bronsted-Lowry acids, bases and Ka
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5.1.3d-f - pH, Kw and strong acid-base calculations
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5.1.3g-h - Weak acid pH calculations and approximations
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5.1.3i-m - Buffer solutions and blood pH
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5.1.3n-o - pH titration curves, indicators and pH meters
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5.2 - Energy
5.2.1a-b - Lattice enthalpy and Born-Haber cycles
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5.2.1c-e - Solution, hydration enthalpy and ionic models
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5.2.2a-c - Entropy and entropy change
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5.2.2d-f - Free energy, feasibility and kinetic limits
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5.2.3a-c - Redox agents, half-equations and predictions
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5.2.3d-e - Redox titrations
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5.2.3f-i - Electrode potentials and feasibility
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5.2.3j-k - Storage cells and fuel cells
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5.3 - Transition elements
5.3.1a-c - Transition element properties
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5.3.1d-e - Ligands, complex ions and coordination number
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5.3.1f-g - Transition metal stereoisomerism and cisplatin
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5.3.1h-i - Ligand substitution and haemoglobin
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5.3.1j - Transition metal precipitation reactions
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5.3.1k-l - Transition metal redox and unfamiliar reactions
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5.3.2 - Transition metal qualitative analysis
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Organic chemistry and analysis
6.1 - Aromatic compounds, carbonyls and acids
6.1.1a-c - Benzene models, evidence and aromatic nomenclature
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6.1.1d-g - Electrophilic substitution of aromatic compounds
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6.1.1h-j - Phenols, acidity and electrophilic substitution
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6.1.1k-l - Directing effects in aromatic synthesis
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6.1.2a-c - Carbonyl reactions and nucleophilic addition
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6.1.2d-e - Carbonyl identification tests
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6.1.3a-b - Carboxylic acid properties and reactions
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6.1.3c-d - Esterification and ester hydrolysis
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6.1.3e-f - Acyl chlorides in synthesis
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6.2 - Nitrogen compounds, polymers and synthesis
6.2.1 - Basicity and preparation of amines
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6.2.2a-b - Amino acids and amides
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6.2.2c-d - Chirality and optical isomerism
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6.2.3 - Polyesters, polyamides and condensation polymers
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6.2.4 - Carbon-carbon bond formation
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6.2.5a - Organic solid preparation and purification
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6.2.5b-c - Multistage organic synthesis
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6.3 - Analysis
6.3.1a-b - Chromatography
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6.3.1c - Organic functional group tests
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6.3.2a - Carbon-13 NMR spectroscopy
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6.3.2b - Proton NMR spectroscopy
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6.3.2c-d - Predicting NMR spectra and running NMR
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6.3.2e - Combined spectroscopic structure deduction
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