Roadmap
Topics common to Paper 1 and Paper 2
Formulae, equations and hazards
0.1 - Recalling chemical formulae
0.2 - Word equations
0.3 - Balancing chemical equations
0.4 - Writing ionic equations
0.5 - Recognising chemical hazards
0.6 - Assessing practical risks and precautions
Topic 1 - Key concepts in chemistry
Atomic structure
1.1 - How atomic models changed
1.2 - Inside the atom
1.3 - Charges and masses of subatomic particles
1.4 - Why atoms are electrically neutral
1.5 - The sizes of atoms and nuclei
1.6 - Where an atom's mass is concentrated
1.7 - Understanding mass number
1.8 - Atomic number and element identity
1.9 - Isotopes
1.10 - Counting protons, neutrons and electrons
1.11 - Why relative atomic masses are not always whole numbers
1.12 - Calculating relative atomic mass from isotopes
The periodic table
1.13 - Mendeleev's periodic table
1.14 - Mendeleev's predictions
1.15 - Isotopes and the order of the periodic table
1.16 - Atomic number and position in the periodic table
1.17 - Periods, groups and atomic number
1.18 - Metals and non-metals in the periodic table
1.19 - Electron arrangements of the first 20 elements
1.20 - Linking electron arrangements to the periodic table
Ionic bonding
1.21 - Electron transfer and ionic bonding
1.22 - Understanding ions
1.23 - Counting particles in ions
1.24 - How ions form in ionic compounds
1.25 - Naming compounds: -ide and -ate
1.26 - Writing formulae of ionic compounds
1.27 - The ionic lattice
Covalent bonding
1.28 - Covalent bonds and shared electron pairs
1.29 - How covalent bonds form molecules
1.30 - The sizes of atoms and molecules
1.31 - Drawing dot-and-cross diagrams
Types of substance
1.32 - Classifying structures and bonding
1.33 - Properties of ionic compounds
1.34 - Properties of simple molecular substances
1.35 - Carbon and giant covalent structures
1.36 - Structures of graphite and diamond
1.37 - How structure explains uses of diamond and graphite
1.38 - Properties of fullerenes, C60 and graphene
1.39 - Simple polymers and poly(ethene)
1.40 - Properties of metals
1.41 - What scientific models can and cannot show
1.42 - Comparing metals and non-metals
Calculations involving masses
1.43 - Relative formula mass and percentage by mass
1.44 - Empirical formulae from masses and percentages
1.45 - Empirical and molecular formulae
1.46 - Finding the formula of magnesium oxide
1.47 - Conservation of mass in closed and open systems
1.48 - Masses from balanced equations
1.49 - Calculating mass concentration
1.50 - The mole and the Avogadro constant
1.51 - Moles, particles and mass calculations
1.52 - Limiting reactants and mass of product
1.53 - Finding reaction ratios from masses
Topic 2 - States of matter and mixtures
States of matter
2.1 - Particle model of solids, liquids and gases
2.2 - Changes of state
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2.3 - Explaining changes of state using particles
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2.4 - Predicting physical state from conditions
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Methods of separating and purifying substances
2.5 - Pure substances and mixtures
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2.6 - Using melting points to test purity
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2.7 - Separation techniques for mixtures
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2.8 - Choosing a separation method
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2.9 - Paper chromatography and phases
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2.10 - Reading chromatograms and calculating Rf
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2.11 - Investigating inks by distillation and chromatography
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2.12 - Drinking water and laboratory water
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Topic 3 - Chemical changes
Acids
3.1 - Acids, alkalis and ions
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3.2 - Understanding the pH scale
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3.3 - Using indicators
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3.4 - Hydrogen ion concentration and pH
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3.5 - Tenfold concentration changes and pH
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3.6 - Investigating neutralisation and pH
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3.7 - Dilute and concentrated solutions
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3.8 - Weak and strong acids
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3.9 - How bases react with acids
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3.10 - Alkalis are soluble bases
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3.11 - Reactions of acids
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3.12 - Tests for hydrogen and carbon dioxide
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3.13 - Neutralisation reactions between acids and bases
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3.14 - The ionic equation for neutralisation
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3.15 - Making salts with insoluble reactants
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3.16 - Making salts with soluble reactants
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3.17 - Preparing hydrated copper sulfate crystals
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3.18 - Making a pure salt by titration
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3.19 - Solubility rules for common salts
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3.20 - Predicting precipitates using solubility rules
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3.21 - Preparing an insoluble salt by precipitation
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Electrolytic processes
3.22 - What makes a substance an electrolyte?
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3.23 - How electrolysis breaks down a compound
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3.24 - Ion movement during electrolysis
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3.25 - Predicting electrolysis products with inert electrodes
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3.26 - Electrolysis of molten binary compounds
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3.27 - Writing electrode half-equations
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3.28 - Oxidation and reduction as electron transfer
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3.29 - Oxidation and reduction at the electrodes
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3.30 - Copper purification by electrolysis
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3.31 - Investigating copper sulfate electrolysis
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Topic 4 - Extracting metals and equilibria
Obtaining and using metals
4.1 - Comparing the reactivity of metals
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4.2 - Displacement reactions as redox reactions
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4.3 - Reactivity and the formation of metal ions
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4.4 - Where metals are found
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4.5 - Oxidation and reduction involving oxygen
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4.6 - Why extracting metals requires reduction
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4.7 - Choosing a metal extraction method
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4.8 - Biological methods of metal extraction
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4.9 - Resistance to oxidation and the reactivity series
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4.10 - Advantages of recycling metals
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4.11 - Life-cycle assessment stages
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4.12 - Evaluating life-cycle assessment data
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Reversible reactions and equilibria
4.13 - Understanding reversible reactions
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4.14 - Dynamic equilibrium
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4.15 - Making ammonia in a reversible reaction
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4.16 - Conditions for the Haber process
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4.17 - How conditions shift an equilibrium
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Topic 5 - Separate chemistry 1
Transition metals, alloys and corrosion
5.1C - Properties of transition metals
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5.2C - Oxidation of metals and corrosion
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5.3C - Preventing rusting of iron
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5.4C - Electroplating to improve metal objects
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5.5C - Why alloys are often stronger than pure metals
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5.6C - Why iron is alloyed to make alloy steels
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5.7C - Uses and properties of metals and alloys
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Quantitative analysis
5.8C - Calculating molar concentration
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5.9C - Accurate acid-alkali titration
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5.10C - Calculating concentrations and volumes from titrations
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5.11C - Calculating percentage yield
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5.12C - Why actual yield is usually lower than theoretical yield
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5.13C - Understanding atom economy
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5.14C - Calculating atom economy
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5.15C - Choosing reaction pathways using data
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5.16C - Molar gas volume at room conditions
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5.17C - Gas volumes and balanced equations
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5.18C - Gas volume calculations using Avogadro's law
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The Haber process and fertilisers
5.19C - Ammonia and the reversible Haber reaction
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5.20C - How quickly equilibrium is reached
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5.21C - Choosing industrial equilibrium conditions
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5.22C - Nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium fertilisers
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5.23C - Making ammonium nitrate
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5.24C - Making ammonium sulfate in the lab and industry
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Chemical cells and fuel cells
5.25C - How a chemical cell produces a voltage
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5.26C - Hydrogen-oxygen fuel cells
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5.27C - Evaluating fuel cells
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Topic 6 - Groups in the periodic table
Group 1 - Alkali metals
6.1 - Recognising Groups 1, 7 and 0
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6.2 - Physical properties of alkali metals
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6.3 - How alkali metals react with water
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6.4 - Comparing alkali-metal reactivity
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6.5 - Explaining alkali-metal reactivity
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Group 7 - Halogens
6.6 - Colours and states of the halogens
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6.7 - Physical property trends in halogens
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6.8 - Chemical test for chlorine
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6.9 - Halogen reactions with metals
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6.10 - Hydrogen halides and acidic solutions
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6.11 - Halogen displacement reactions
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6.12 - Halogen displacement reactions as redox
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6.13 - Explaining halogen reactivity
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Group 0 - Noble gases
6.14 - Why noble gases are chemically inert
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6.15 - How properties explain noble-gas uses
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6.16 - Physical property trends in noble gases
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Topic 7 - Rates of reaction and energy changes
Rates of reaction
7.1 - Measuring rates through gas and colour changes
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7.2 - Choosing methods to measure reaction rates
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7.3 - Reactions occur when particles collide
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7.4 - Explaining changes in rate using collision theory
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7.5 - Interpreting reaction-rate graphs
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7.6 - Catalysts and reaction rate
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7.7 - How catalysts lower activation energy
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7.8 - Enzymes in alcoholic-drink production
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Heat energy changes in chemical reactions
7.9 - Measuring temperature changes in reactions
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7.10 - Exothermic changes and reactions
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7.11 - Endothermic changes and reactions
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7.12 - Energy in breaking and forming bonds
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7.13 - Explaining the overall energy change
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7.14 - Energy change from bond energies
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7.15 - Activation energy
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7.16 - Reading and drawing reaction profiles
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Topic 8 - Fuels and Earth science
Fuels
8.1 - What hydrocarbons contain
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8.2 - Crude oil as a mixture
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8.3 - Fractional distillation of crude oil
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8.4 - Uses of crude-oil fractions
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8.5 - How crude-oil fractions differ
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8.6 - Homologous series
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8.7 - Complete combustion of hydrocarbon fuels
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8.8 - Incomplete combustion of hydrocarbons
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8.9 - Why carbon monoxide is toxic
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8.10 - Incomplete combustion and appliance safety
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8.11 - How burning fuels produces sulfur dioxide
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8.12 - Sulfur dioxide and acid rain
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8.13 - How engines produce nitrogen oxides
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8.14 - Comparing hydrogen and petrol as fuels
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8.15 - Fossil fuels and non-renewable resources
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8.16 - Cracking long-chain hydrocarbons
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8.17 - Why cracking is necessary
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Earth and atmospheric science
8.18 - Volcanic gases and Earth's early atmosphere
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8.19 - Composition of Earth's early atmosphere
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8.20 - How the oceans formed
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8.21 - How the oceans removed carbon dioxide
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8.22 - Photosynthesis and rising oxygen levels
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8.23 - Chemical test for oxygen
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8.24 - The greenhouse effect
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8.25 - Evidence linking human activity to climate change
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8.26 - Today's atmosphere and climate effects
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Topic 9 - Separate chemistry 2
Chemical tests for gases and ions
9.1C - Choosing an identifying test for an ion
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9.2C - Flame tests for metal ions
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9.3C - Sodium hydroxide tests for cations
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9.4C - Chemical test for ammonia
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9.5C - Tests for carbonate, sulfate and halide ions
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9.6C - Identifying ions in unknown salts
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9.7C - Interpreting ion-test results
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9.8C - Instrumental methods of analysis
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9.9C - Flame photometer data
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Hydrocarbons
9.10C - Drawing and naming the first four alkanes
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9.11C - Why alkanes are saturated
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9.12C - Formulae and structures of alkenes
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9.13C - Why alkenes are unsaturated
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9.14C - Addition reaction of ethene with bromine
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9.15C - Distinguishing alkanes and alkenes
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9.16C - Complete combustion of alkanes and alkenes
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Polymers
9.17C - Polymers and repeating units
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9.18C - Ethene polymerisation to poly(ethene)
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9.19C - Addition polymers from monomers with C=C bonds
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9.20C - Monomers and addition polymers
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9.21C - Uses and properties of polymers
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9.22C - Polyesters as condensation polymers
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9.23C - Environmental problems caused by polymers
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9.24C - Evaluating polymer recycling
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9.25C - Natural polymers: DNA, starch and proteins
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Alcohols and carboxylic acids
9.26C - Drawing and naming the first four alcohols
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9.27C - Alcohols and dehydration
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9.28C - Investigating energy released by alcohols
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9.29C - Formulae and structures of carboxylic acids
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9.30C - The carboxyl group and acidity
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9.31C - Ethanol oxidation to ethanoic acid
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9.32C - Using homologous series to predict reactions
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9.33C - Production of ethanol by fermentation
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9.34C - Concentrating ethanol by fractional distillation
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Materials and nanoparticles
9.35C - The size of nanoparticles
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9.36C - Nanoparticle properties and uses
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9.37C - Evaluating nanoparticle risks
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9.38C - Comparing ceramics, polymers, composites and metals
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9.39C - Choosing materials using evidence
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