Roadmap

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route A: Conquest, control and resistance in the medieval world

Required Paper 1 - 1A: The crusades, c1095-1204

P1.1A.01 - Reasons for the crusades, 1095-1192
P1.1A.02 - Leadership of the crusades, 1095-1192
P1.1A.03 - The crusader states of Outremer, 1100-92
P1.1A.04 - The changing Muslim response to the crusades, 1095-1192
P1.1A.05 - What explains the failure of the Fourth Crusade?

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053-1106

P2.2A.1.01 - Late Anglo-Saxon England, c1053-66
P2.2A.1.02 - The Norman conquest of England and extension of control in Wales and Scotland, 1066-93
P2.2A.1.03 - State, church and society, 1066-1106
P2.2A.1.04 - Normandy, 1066-1106

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154-89

P2.2A.2.01 - The restoration and extension of royal authority, 1154-72
P2.2A.2.02 - Reforms in England, 1154-89
P2.2A.2.03 - Henry II and the English church, 1154-74
P2.2A.2.04 - Crises of the Angevin Empire, 1170-89

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route B: Religion and the state in early modern Europe

Required Paper 1 - 1B: England, 1509-1603: authority, nation and religion

P1.1B.01 - Monarchy and government, 1509-88
P1.1B.02 - Religious changes, 1509-88
P1.1B.03 - State control and popular resistance, 1509-88
P1.1B.04 - Economic, social and cultural change, 1509-88
P1.1B.05 - Was there a general crisis of government in the last years of Elizabeth I's reign, 1589-1603?

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2B.1: Luther and the German Reformation, c1515-55

P2.2B.1.01 - Conditions in early sixteenth-century Germany
P2.2B.1.02 - Luther's early challenge to the Catholic Church, 1517-20
P2.2B.1.03 - The development of Lutheranism, 1521-46
P2.2B.1.04 - The spread and survival of Lutheranism, 1521-55

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2B.2: The Dutch Revolt, c1563-1609

P2.2B.2.01 - Origins of the Dutch Revolt, c1563-67
P2.2B.2.02 - Alva and Orange, 1567-73
P2.2B.2.03 - Spain and the reconquest, 1573-84
P2.2B.2.04 - Securing the independence of the United Provinces, 1584-1609

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route C: Revolutions in early modern and modern Europe

Required Paper 1 - 1C: Britain, 1625-1701: conflict, revolution and settlement

P1.1C.01 - The quest for political stability, 1625-88
P1.1C.02 - Religion - conflict and dissent, 1625-88
P1.1C.03 - Social and intellectual challenge, 1625-88
P1.1C.04 - Economy, trade and empire, 1625-88
P1.1C.05 - How revolutionary, in the years to 1701, was the Glorious Revolution of 1688-89?

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2C.1: France in revolution, 1774-99

P2.2C.1.01 - The origins and onset of revolution, 1774-89
P2.2C.1.02 - Revolution and the failure of constitutional monarchy, 1789-93
P2.2C.1.03 - The National Convention, the Jacobins and the Terror, 1793-94
P2.2C.1.04 - From the Directory to Brumaire, 1795-99

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2C.2: Russia in revolution, 1894-1924

P2.2C.2.01 - The rule of Nicholas II, 1894-1905
P2.2C.2.02 - The end of Romanov rule, 1906-17
P2.2C.2.03 - The Provisional government and its opponents, February-October 1917
P2.2C.2.04 - Defending the Bolshevik revolution, October 1917-24

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route D: Challenges to the authority of the state in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

Required Paper 1 - 1D: Britain, c1785-c1870: democracy, protest and reform

P1.1D.01 - The growth of parliamentary democracy, c1785-c1870
P1.1D.02 - Industrialisation and protest, c1785-c1870
P1.1D.03 - Unionism and cooperation, c1785-c1870
P1.1D.04 - Poverty and pauperism, c1785-c1870
P1.1D.05 - What explains the abolition of the slave trade at the end of the period, c1785-1807?

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2D.1: The unification of Italy, c1830-70

P2.2D.1.01 - Challenges to the restored order and the failure of revolution, c1830-49
P2.2D.1.02 - The rise of Piedmont, 1849-56
P2.2D.1.03 - The creation of the Kingdom of Italy, 1856-61
P2.2D.1.04 - Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy, 1861-70

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2D.2: The unification of Germany, c1840-71

P2.2D.2.01 - Popular pressure and causes of revolution, 1840-48
P2.2D.2.02 - Failure of revolution, 1848-51
P2.2D.2.03 - Austro-Prussian rivalry, 1852-66
P2.2D.2.04 - Prussia and the Kleindeutschland solution, 1866-71

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route E: Communist states in the twentieth century

Required Paper 1 - 1E: Russia, 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin

P1.1E.01 - Communist government in the USSR, 1917-85
P1.1E.02 - Industrial and agricultural change, 1917-85
P1.1E.03 - Control of the people, 1917-85
P1.1E.04 - Social developments, 1917-85
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P1.1E.05 - What explains the fall of the USSR, c1985-91?
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2E.1: Mao's China, 1949-76

P2.2E.1.01 - Establishing communist rule
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P2.2E.1.02 - Agriculture and industry, 1949-65
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P2.2E.1.03 - The Cultural Revolution and its aftermath, 1966-76
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P2.2E.1.04 - Social and cultural changes, 1949-76
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2E.2: The German Democratic Republic, 1949-90

P2.2E.2.01 - Establishing and consolidating communist rule in the GDR, c1949-61
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P2.2E.2.02 - The development of the East German state, 1961-85
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P2.2E.2.03 - Life in East Germany, 1949-85
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P2.2E.2.04 - Growing crises and the collapse of communist rule in the GDR
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Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route F: Searching for rights and freedoms in the twentieth century

Required Paper 1 - 1F: In search of the American Dream: the USA, c1917-96

P1.1F.01 - The changing political environment, 1917-80
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P1.1F.02 - The quest for civil rights, 1917-80
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P1.1F.03 - Society and culture in change, 1917-80
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P1.1F.04 - The changing quality of life, 1917-80
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P1.1F.05 - What impact did the Reagan presidency (1981-89) have on the USA in the years 1981-96?
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2F.1: India, c1914-48: the road to independence

P2.2F.1.01 - The First World War and its impact on British India, 1914-20
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P2.2F.1.02 - Changing political relationships, 1920-30
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P2.2F.1.03 - Consultation and confrontation, 1930-42
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P2.2F.1.04 - The road to independence, 1942-48
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2F.2: South Africa, 1948-94: from apartheid state to 'rainbow nation'

P2.2F.2.01 - The response to apartheid, c1948-59
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P2.2F.2.02 - Radicalisation of resistance and the consolidation of National Party power, 1960-68
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P2.2F.2.03 - Redefining resistance and challenges to National Party power, 1968-83
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P2.2F.2.04 - The end of apartheid and the creation of the 'rainbow nation', 1984-94
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Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route G: Nationalism, dictatorship and democracy in twentieth-century Europe

Required Paper 1 - 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918-89

P1.1G.01 - Political and governmental change, 1918-89
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P1.1G.02 - Opposition, control and consent, 1918-89
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P1.1G.03 - Economic development and policies, 1918-89
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P1.1G.04 - Aspects of life in Germany and West Germany, 1918-89
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P1.1G.05 - How far was Hitler's foreign policy responsible for the Second World War?
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2G.1: The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911-46

P2.2G.1.01 - The liberal state, c1911-18
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P2.2G.1.02 - The rise of Mussolini and the creation of a fascist dictatorship, 1919-26
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P2.2G.1.03 - The fascist state, 1925-40
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P2.2G.1.04 - Challenges to, and the fall of, the fascist state, c1935-46
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2G.2: Spain, 1930-78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy

P2.2G.2.01 - Creation and destabilisation of the Second Republic, 1930-36
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P2.2G.2.02 - The Spanish Civil War, 1936-39
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P2.2G.2.03 - Establishing Franco's dictatorship, 1938-56
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P2.2G.2.04 - Dictatorship remodelled and the transition to democracy, 1956-78
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Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route H: Democracies in change: Britain and the USA in the twentieth century

Required Paper 1 - 1H: Britain transformed, 1918-97

P1.1H.01 - A changing political and economic environment, 1918-79
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P1.1H.02 - Creating a welfare state, 1918-79
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P1.1H.03 - Society in transition, 1918-79
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P1.1H.04 - The changing quality of life, 1918-79
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P1.1H.05 - What impact did Thatcher's governments (1979-90) have on Britain, 1979-97?
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2H.1: The USA, c1920-55: boom, bust and recovery

P2.2H.1.01 - Boom and crash, 1920-29
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P2.2H.1.02 - Depression and New Deal, 1929-38
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P2.2H.1.03 - Impact of the New Deal and the Second World War on the USA to 1945
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P2.2H.1.04 - The transformation of the USA, 1945-55
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2H.2: The USA, 1955-92: conformity and challenge

P2.2H.2.01 - Affluence and conformity, 1955-63
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P2.2H.2.02 - Protest and reaction, 1963-72
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P2.2H.2.03 - Social and political change, 1973-80
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P2.2H.2.04 - Republican dominance and its opponents, 1981-92
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Paper 3: Themes in breadth with aspects in depth

Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 30: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII, 1399-1509

P3.30.B.01 - Changing relationships between crown and the nobility - 'over-mighty subjects'
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P3.30.B.02 - Changes in the sinews of power
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P3.30.01 - The crises of 1399-1405
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P3.30.02 - Henry V and the conquest of France, 1413-21
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P3.30.03 - Renewed crises and challenges, c1449-61
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P3.30.04 - The Yorkists divided, 1478-85
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P3.30.05 - Henry VII - seizing the throne and trying to keep it, 1485-97
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 31: Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors, 1485-1603

P3.31.B.01 - Changes in governance at the centre
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P3.31.B.02 - Gaining the cooperation of the localities
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P3.31.01 - Challenging the succession, 1485-1499
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P3.31.02 - Challenging religious changes, 1533-37
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P3.31.03 - Agrarian discontent - Kett's rebellion 1549
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P3.31.04 - Queen takes Queen? The revolt of the northern earls, 1569-70
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P3.31.05 - Troublesome Ireland - Tyrone's rebellion, 1594-1603
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 32: The Golden Age of Spain, 1474-1598

P3.32.B.01 - Changing geographical reach of Spanish power
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P3.32.B.02 - Changing military and financial power
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P3.32.01 - The Spanish Inquisition and the persecution of the Jews, 1478-92
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P3.32.02 - The accession of Charles and the revolt of the Comuneros, 1516-29
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P3.32.03 - The price revolution and its impact, c1500-c1570
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P3.32.04 - The campaign for orthodoxy, 1558-70
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P3.32.05 - The crisis in Aragon, 1590-93
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 33: The witch craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580-c1750

P3.33.B.01 - Changing attitudes to witchcraft in Britain
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P3.33.B.02 - The wider intellectual context - the coming of the age of science and reason
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P3.33.01 - The North Berwick witches in Scotland, 1590-91 and the aftermath to 1597
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P3.33.02 - The Lancashire witches of 1604-13
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P3.33.03 - The Great Witch Hunt, in Bamberg, Germany, 1623-32
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P3.33.04 - Matthew Hopkins and the East Anglian witch craze, 1645-47
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P3.33.05 - Cotton Mather and the Salem witch hunt, 1692-93
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 34.1: Industrialisation and social change in Britain, 1759-1928: forging a new society

P3.34.1.B.01 - Changing patterns of adult work and working conditions
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P3.34.1.B.02 - The world of childhood
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P3.34.1.01 - Josiah Wedgwood - china and canals, 1759-87
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P3.34.1.02 - Samuel Greg - cotton and cottages, 1784-1816
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P3.34.1.03 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel - railways and ships, 1833-59
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P3.34.1.04 - John Kemp Starley - cycles, cycling clubs and emancipation, 1885-1901
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P3.34.1.05 - Herbert Austin - creating and adapting to market forces, 1905-28
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 34.2: Poverty, public health and the state in Britain, c1780-1939

P3.34.2.B.01 - The impetus for public health reforms
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P3.34.2.B.02 - Changes in public health
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P3.34.2.01 - Paupers and pauperism, 1780-1832
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P3.34.2.02 - Less eligibility - the Poor Law Amendment Act and its impact, 1832-47
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P3.34.2.03 - The government, self-help and charity, 1847-80
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P3.34.2.04 - Social and welfare reforms - pressure and action, 1880-1914
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P3.34.2.05 - Depression and the dole - poverty in the inter-war years, 1920-39
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 35.1: Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763-1914

P3.35.1.B.01 - The changing nature and extent of trade
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P3.35.1.B.02 - The changing nature of the Royal Navy
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P3.35.1.01 - The loss of the American colonies, 1770-83
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P3.35.1.02 - The birth of British Australia, 1788-1829
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P3.35.1.03 - Learning from past mistakes - Canada and the Durham Report, 1837-40
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P3.35.1.04 - Nearly losing an empire - the British in India, 1829-58
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P3.35.1.05 - The Nile valley, 1882-98
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 35.2: The British experience of warfare, c1790-1918

P3.35.2.B.01 - Changes in organising the military
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P3.35.2.B.02 - Changes in weaponry and the role of the people
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P3.35.2.01 - Britain and the French Wars, 1793-1815
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P3.35.2.02 - The Crimean War, 1854-56
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P3.35.2.03 - The second Boer War, 1899-1902
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P3.35.2.04 - Trench warfare on the Western Front, 1914-18
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P3.35.2.05 - The war in the air, 1914-18
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 36.1: Protest, agitation and parliamentary reform in Britain, c1780-1928

P3.36.1.B.01 - Reform of parliament
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P3.36.1.B.02 - Changing influences in parliament - the impact of parliamentary reform
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P3.36.1.01 - Radical reformers, c1790-1819
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P3.36.1.02 - Chartism, c1838-c1850
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P3.36.1.03 - Contagious Diseases Acts and the campaign for their repeal, 1862-86
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P3.36.1.04 - The Women's Social and Political Union, 1903-14
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P3.36.1.05 - Trades union militancy, 1915-27
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 36.2: Ireland and the Union, c1774-1923

P3.36.2.B.01 - Irish nationalism - from agitation to civil war
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P3.36.2.B.02 - British reaction - from resistance to acceptance
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P3.36.2.01 - Towards emancipation, 1774-1830
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P3.36.2.02 - Industrialisation in Ulster, 1825-55
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P3.36.2.03 - The Irish Famine, 1843-51
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P3.36.2.04 - The Irish land issue, 1870-82
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P3.36.2.05 - Improving working and living conditions - trades union militancy in Ireland, 1907-14
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 37.1: The changing nature of warfare, 1859-1991: perception and reality

P3.37.1.B.01 - Reporting and portraying war
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P3.37.1.B.02 - Attempts to influence the public response to war
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P3.37.1.01 - Increased firepower and steam power, 1859-70
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P3.37.1.02 - Technology of defence - machine guns, smokeless powder and artillery, c1900-16
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P3.37.1.03 - Radios, the internal combustion engine and mobile warfare, 1917-1940
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P3.37.1.04 - The war at sea, 1917-45 - the impact of submarines, air power and complex codes
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P3.37.1.05 - Air power and nuclear weapons, 1943-91
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 37.2: Germany, 1871-1990: united, divided and reunited

P3.37.2.B.01 - Social change in Germany and West Germany
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P3.37.2.B.02 - Economic change in Germany and West Germany
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P3.37.2.01 - Ruling the Second Reich, 1871-79
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P3.37.2.02 - The birth of democratic Germany, 1917-19
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P3.37.2.03 - A new Reich, 1933-35
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P3.37.2.04 - Establishing and ruling the new Federal Republic, 1949-60
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P3.37.2.05 - Reunification - recreating a united Germany, 1989-90
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 38.1: The making of modern Russia, 1855-1991

P3.38.1.B.01 - The changing status and condition of the peasantry
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P3.38.1.B.02 - Agriculture and productivity - meeting the country's needs?
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P3.38.1.01 - The political reforms of Alexander II, 1855-70
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P3.38.1.02 - Revolution and reform, 1904-06
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P3.38.1.03 - The end of the Romanovs and the triumph of the Bolsheviks, 1916-18
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P3.38.1.04 - Khrushchev and attempts to reform the Soviet system, 1956-61
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P3.38.1.05 - Gorbachev and the downfall of Soviet communism, 1985-91
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 38.2: The making of modern China, 1860-1997

P3.38.2.B.01 - The growth of industry
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P3.38.2.B.02 - Ideologies and individuals behind economic growth
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P3.38.2.01 - Opening up China to foreigners, 1860-70
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P3.38.2.02 - Defeat and humiliation, 1894-1901
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P3.38.2.03 - The Japanese threat, 1931-41
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P3.38.2.04 - The Sino-Soviet split, 1958-69
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P3.38.2.05 - Reconciliation with old enemies and the return of Hong Kong, 1978-97
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 39.1: Civil rights and race relations in the USA, 1850-2009

P3.39.1.B.01 - The changing geography of civil rights issues
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P3.39.1.B.02 - Changing portrayal of civil rights issues in fiction and film
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P3.39.1.01 - 'Free at last', 1865-77
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P3.39.1.02 - The triumph of 'Jim Crow', 1883-c1900
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P3.39.1.03 - The New Deal and race relations, 1933-41
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P3.39.1.04 - 'I have a dream', 1954-68
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P3.39.1.05 - Obama's campaign for the presidency, 2004-09
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 39.2: Mass media and social change in Britain, 1882-2004

P3.39.2.B.01 - Changing patterns of women's lives within the family and in the world of work
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P3.39.2.B.02 - Changing patterns of family leisure
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P3.39.2.01 - The age of the press barons, 1914-36
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P3.39.2.02 - Wireless and the war - propaganda, information and entertainment, 1939-45
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P3.39.2.03 - Media in the sixties - satire image and social change
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P3.39.2.04 - The Thatcher governments and the media, 1979-90
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P3.39.2.05 - The Labour government versus the media - the problem of the Iraq dossiers, 2002-04
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Coursework (required)

Independent enquiry support

CW.01 - Choosing and refining a historical enquiry question
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CW.02 - Research planning, source collection and the resource record
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CW.03 - Using historians' interpretations and building historiography
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CW.04 - Structuring the coursework argument and using evidence
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CW.05 - Marking criteria, authentication, referencing and final checks
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