Roadmap
4.1 Energy
4.1.1 Energy changes in a system
4.1.1.1a - Energy Stores and System Changes
4.1.1.1b - Energy Calculations and Redistribution
4.1.1.2a - Kinetic Energy
4.1.1.2b - Elastic Potential Energy in a Stretched Spring
4.1.1.2c - Gravitational Potential Energy
4.1.1.3 - Specific Heat Capacity and Required Practical 1
4.1.1.4 - Power and Work Rate
4.1.2 Conservation and dissipation of energy
4.1.2.1a - Conservation, Dissipation and Closed Systems
4.1.2.1b - Reducing Unwanted Energy Transfers and Required Practical 2
4.1.2.2 - Efficiency
4.1.3 National and global energy resources
4.1.3a - Energy Resources, Uses and Reliability
4.1.3b - Environmental Impact and Energy Resource Decisions
4.2 Electricity
4.2.1 Current, potential difference and resistance
4.2.1.1 - Standard circuit diagram symbols
4.2.1.2 - Electrical Charge and Current
4.2.1.3a - Current, Resistance and Potential Difference
4.2.1.3b - Required Practical 3 - Resistance in Circuits
4.2.1.4a - Ohmic conductors, filament lamps and diodes
4.2.1.4b - Thermistors, LDRs And Sensing Circuits
4.2.1.4c - I-V Characteristics and Required Practical 4
4.2.2 Series and parallel circuits
4.2.2a - Series Circuits and Equivalent Resistance
4.2.2b - Parallel Circuits and Circuit Calculations
4.2.3 Domestic uses and safety
4.2.3.1 - Direct and alternating potential difference
4.2.3.2 - Mains Electricity and Three-Core Cable Safety
4.2.4 Energy transfers
4.2.4.1 - Electrical Power in Circuits
4.2.4.2 - Energy Transfers in Everyday Appliances
4.2.4.3 - The National Grid
4.2.5 Static electricity
4.2.5.1 - Static Charge
4.2.5.2 - Electric Fields
4.3 Particle model of matter
4.3.1 Changes of state and the particle model
4.3.1.1a - Density Equation and Particle Model
4.3.1.1b - Required Practical 5 - Measuring Density
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4.3.1.2 - Changes of State
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4.3.2 Internal energy and energy transfers
4.3.2.1 - Internal Energy
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4.3.2.2 - Temperature Changes and Specific Heat Capacity
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4.3.2.3a - Specific Latent Heat and State-Change Energy
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4.3.2.3b - Heating and Cooling Graphs
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4.3.3 Particle model and pressure
4.3.3.1 - Particle Motion in Gases
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4.3.3.2 - Pressure in Gases
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4.3.3.3 - Increasing the Pressure of a Gas
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4.4 Atomic structure
4.4.1 Atoms and isotopes
4.4.1.1 - The Structure of an Atom
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4.4.1.2 - Mass Number, Atomic Number and Isotopes
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4.4.1.3 - The Development of the Model of the Atom
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4.4.2 Atoms and nuclear radiation
4.4.2.1a - Radioactive Decay, Activity and Radiation Types
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4.4.2.1b - Properties and Uses of Nuclear Radiation
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4.4.2.2 - Nuclear Equations
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4.4.2.3a - Half-life and Random Decay
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4.4.2.3b - Net Decline After Half-Lives
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4.4.2.4 - Radioactive Contamination and Irradiation
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4.4.3 Hazards and uses of radioactive emissions and of background radiation
4.4.3.1 - Background Radiation
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4.4.3.2 - Half-Lives and Isotope Hazards
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4.4.3.3 - Uses of Nuclear Radiation
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4.4.4 Nuclear fission and fusion
4.4.4.1 - Nuclear Fission
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4.4.4.2 - Nuclear Fusion
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4.5 Forces
4.5.1 Forces and their interactions
4.5.1.1 - Scalar and Vector Quantities
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4.5.1.2 - Contact and non-contact forces
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4.5.1.3 - Gravity, Weight and Mass
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4.5.1.4a - Resultant Forces in Straight Lines
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4.5.1.4b - Free-Body Diagrams and Resolving Forces
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4.5.2 Work done and energy transfer
4.5.2 - Calculating Work Done and Energy Transfer
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4.5.3 Forces and elasticity
4.5.3a - Elastic Deformation and Hooke's Law
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4.5.3b - Elastic Potential Energy and Force-Extension Data
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4.5.3c - Required Practical 6 - Force and Extension
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4.5.4 Moments, levers and gears
4.5.4 - Calculating Moments and Transmitting Rotation
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4.5.5 Pressure and pressure differences in fluids
4.5.5.1.1 - Pressure at a Surface
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4.5.5.1.2 - Pressure in Liquids, Upthrust and Sinking
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4.5.5.2 - Atmospheric Pressure
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4.5.6 Forces and motion
4.5.6.1.1 - Distance and Displacement
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4.5.6.1.2 - Speed
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4.5.6.1.3 - Velocity
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4.5.6.1.4 - Distance-Time Graphs
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4.5.6.1.5a - Acceleration and Velocity-Time Graphs
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4.5.6.1.5b - Uniform Acceleration and Terminal Velocity
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4.5.6.2.1 - Newton's First Law
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4.5.6.2.2a - Newton's Second Law and Resultant Force
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4.5.6.2.2b - Inertial Mass and Required Practical 7
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4.5.6.2.3 - Newton's Third Law
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4.5.6.3.1 - Stopping Distance
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4.5.6.3.2 - Reaction time
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4.5.6.3.3 - Factors Affecting Braking Distance
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4.5.6.3.4 - Factors Affecting Braking Distance 2
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4.5.7 Momentum
4.5.7.1 - Momentum
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4.5.7.2 - Conservation of Momentum
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4.5.7.3 - Changes in Momentum
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4.6 Waves
4.6.1 Waves in air, fluids and solids
4.6.1.1 - Transverse and Longitudinal Waves
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4.6.1.2a - Wave Properties and Equations
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4.6.1.2b - Measuring Wave Speed and Required Practical 8
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4.6.1.3a - Reflection of Waves
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4.6.1.3b - Required Practical 9 - Reflection and Refraction
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4.6.1.4 - Sound Waves
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4.6.1.5a - Ultrasound and Echo Sounding
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4.6.1.5b - Seismic Waves and Earth Structure
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4.6.2 Electromagnetic waves
4.6.2.1 - The Electromagnetic Spectrum
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4.6.2.2a - Refraction of Electromagnetic Waves
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4.6.2.2b - Required Practical 10 - Infrared Radiation and Surfaces
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4.6.2.3a - Radio Waves and Electromagnetic Emission
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4.6.2.3b - Ultraviolet, X-ray and Gamma Hazards
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4.6.2.4 - Uses and Applications of Electromagnetic Waves
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4.6.2.5 - Lenses
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4.6.2.6 - Visible Light
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4.6.3 Black body radiation
4.6.3.1 - Emission and Absorption of Infrared Radiation
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4.6.3.2 - Perfect Black Bodies and Radiation Balance
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4.7 Magnetism and electromagnetism
4.7.1 Permanent and induced magnetism, magnetic forces and fields
4.7.1.1 - Poles of a Magnet
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4.7.1.2 - Magnetic Fields
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4.7.2 The motor effect
4.7.2.1a - Magnetic fields from currents and solenoids
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4.7.2.1b - Electromagnetic Devices
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4.7.2.2 - Fleming's Left-Hand Rule
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4.7.2.3 - Electric Motors
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4.7.2.4 - Loudspeakers
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4.7.3 Induced potential, transformers and the National Grid
4.7.3.1 - Induced Potential and the Generator Effect
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4.7.3.2 - Uses of the generator effect
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4.7.3.3 - Microphones
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4.7.3.4a - Transformer Structure and Turns Ratio
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4.7.3.4b - Transformer Power, Current and Transmission
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4.8 Space physics (physics only)
4.8.1 Solar system, orbital motion and satellites
4.8.1.1 - Our Solar System and Star Formation
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4.8.1.2 - The Life Cycle of a Star
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4.8.1.3 - Orbital Motion, Natural and Artificial Satellites
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4.8.2 Red-shift and the expanding universe
4.8.2a - Red-shift and an Expanding Universe
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4.8.2b - Big Bang Theory, Dark Mass and Dark Energy
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4.9 Key ideas
4.9 Key ideas in physics
4.9 - Models, Fields and Mathematical Relationships
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