Roadmap
Topic 4.1: Cell biology
Subtopic 4.1.1: Cell structure
4.1.1.1 - Eukaryotes, Prokaryotes and Cell Scale
4.1.1.2a - Animal and Plant Cell Structures
4.1.1.2b - Microscopy of Plant and Animal Cells
4.1.1.3 - Cell Specialisation
4.1.1.4 - Cell Differentiation
4.1.1.5 - Microscopy, Magnification and Resolution
4.1.1.6a - Culturing Microorganisms and Bacterial Growth
4.1.1.6b - Aseptic Technique and Zones of Inhibition
Subtopic 4.1.2: Cell division
4.1.2.1 - Chromosomes, DNA and Genes
4.1.2.2 - Mitosis and the Cell Cycle
4.1.2.3 - Stem Cells
Subtopic 4.1.3: Transport in cells
4.1.3.1a - Diffusion and Factors Affecting Its Rate
4.1.3.1b - Surface Area to Volume Ratio and Exchange Surfaces
4.1.3.2a - Osmosis and Water Movement
4.1.3.2b - Required Practical - Osmosis in Plant Tissue
4.1.3.3 - Active Transport
Topic 4.2: Organisation
Subtopic 4.2.1: Principles of organisation
4.2.1 - Principles of Organisation
Subtopic 4.2.2: Animal tissues, organs and organ systems
4.2.2.1a - Digestive System, Enzymes and Digestion
4.2.2.1b - Required Practical - Food Tests
4.2.2.1c - Required Practical - Amylase and pH
4.2.2.2 - The Heart and Blood Vessels
4.2.2.3 - Blood
4.2.2.4 - Coronary Heart Disease and Treatments
4.2.2.5 - Health Issues and Disease Interactions
4.2.2.6 - Lifestyle Risk Factors and Non-Communicable Disease
4.2.2.7 - Cancer
Subtopic 4.2.3: Plant tissues, organs and systems
4.2.3.1 - Plant Tissues
4.2.3.2a - Plant Transport Organs And Transpiration
4.2.3.2b - Translocation and Plant Transport Data
Topic 4.3: Infection and response
Subtopic 4.3.1: Communicable diseases
4.3.1.1 - Communicable Diseases
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4.3.1.2 - Viral Diseases
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4.3.1.3 - Bacterial Diseases
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4.3.1.4 - Fungal Diseases - Rose Black Spot
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4.3.1.5 - Protist Diseases - Malaria
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4.3.1.6 - Human Defence Systems
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4.3.1.7 - Vaccination
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4.3.1.8 - Antibiotics and Painkillers
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4.3.1.9 - Discovery and Development of Drugs
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Subtopic 4.3.2: Monoclonal antibodies
4.3.2.1 - Producing Monoclonal Antibodies
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4.3.2.2 - Uses of Monoclonal Antibodies
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Subtopic 4.3.3: Plant disease
4.3.3.1 - Detection And Identification Of Plant Diseases
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4.3.3.2 - Plant Defence Responses
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Topic 4.4: Bioenergetics
Subtopic 4.4.1: Photosynthesis
4.4.1.1 - Photosynthetic Reaction
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4.4.1.2a - Rate of Photosynthesis and Limiting Factors
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4.4.1.2b - Required Practical - Light Intensity and Photosynthesis
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4.4.1.3 - Uses of Glucose from Photosynthesis
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Subtopic 4.4.2: Respiration
4.4.2.1a - Aerobic and Anaerobic Respiration
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4.4.2.1b - Anaerobic respiration in muscles and fermentation
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4.4.2.2 - Response to Exercise
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4.4.2.3 - Metabolism
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Topic 4.5: Homeostasis and response
Subtopic 4.5.1: Homeostasis
4.5.1 - Homeostasis
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Subtopic 4.5.2: The human nervous system
4.5.2.1a - The Nervous System and Reflex Arcs
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4.5.2.1b - Required Practical - Reaction Time
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4.5.2.2 - The Brain
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4.5.2.3a - The Eye and Accommodation
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4.5.2.3b - Vision Defects And Their Correction
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4.5.2.4 - Control of Body Temperature
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Subtopic 4.5.3: Hormonal coordination in humans
4.5.3.1 - Human Endocrine System
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4.5.3.2a - Blood glucose control
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4.5.3.2b - Diabetes and Blood Glucose Treatments
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4.5.3.3a - Water, ions and urea balance
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4.5.3.3b - Kidney Failure, Dialysis and Transplants
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4.5.3.4 - Hormones in Human Reproduction
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4.5.3.5 - Contraception
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4.5.3.6 - Hormones to Treat Infertility
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4.5.3.7 - Negative feedback
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Subtopic 4.5.4: Plant hormones
4.5.4.1a - Plant Hormones and Tropisms
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4.5.4.1b - Required Practical - Plant Responses
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4.5.4.2 - Use of Plant Hormones
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Topic 4.6: Inheritance, variation and evolution
Subtopic 4.6.1: Reproduction
4.6.1.1 - Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
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4.6.1.2 - Meiosis
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4.6.1.3 - Advantages and Disadvantages of Sexual and Asexual Reproduction
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4.6.1.4 - DNA and the Genome
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4.6.1.5 - DNA structure
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4.6.1.6a - Genetic Inheritance Terms and Gametes
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4.6.1.6b - Genetic crosses and Punnett squares
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4.6.1.7a - Inherited Disorders
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4.6.1.7b - Embryo Screening
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4.6.1.8 - Sex Determination
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Subtopic 4.6.2: Variation and evolution
4.6.2.1 - Variation
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4.6.2.2 - Evolution
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4.6.2.3 - Selective breeding
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4.6.2.4a - Genetic Engineering Process
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4.6.2.4b - Genetic Engineering Applications and Risks
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4.6.2.5a - Plant Cloning by Cuttings and Tissue Culture
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4.6.2.5b - Animal cloning and embryo transplants
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Subtopic 4.6.3: The development of understanding of genetics and evolution
4.6.3.1 - Theory of evolution
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4.6.3.2 - Speciation
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4.6.3.3 - Development of Genetics
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4.6.3.4 - Evidence for evolution
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4.6.3.5 - Fossils
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4.6.3.6 - Extinction
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4.6.3.7 - Resistant Bacteria
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Subtopic 4.6.4: Classification of living organisms
4.6.4 - Classification of living organisms
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Topic 4.7: Ecology
Subtopic 4.7.1: Adaptations, interdependence and competition
4.7.1.1 - Communities and Interdependence
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4.7.1.2 - Abiotic factors
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4.7.1.3 - Biotic factors
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4.7.1.4 - Adaptations
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Subtopic 4.7.2: Organisation of an ecosystem
4.7.2.1a - Ecosystem Levels and Food Chains
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4.7.2.1b - Required Practical - Sampling Populations
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4.7.2.2 - Water and carbon cycles
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4.7.2.3a - Decomposition and Decay Factors
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4.7.2.3b - Investigating Decay Using Milk pH
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4.7.2.4 - Impact of Environmental Change
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Subtopic 4.7.3: Biodiversity and the effect of human interaction on ecosystems
4.7.3.1 - Biodiversity
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4.7.3.2 - Waste Management
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4.7.3.3 - Land Use
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4.7.3.4 - Deforestation
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4.7.3.5 - Global warming
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4.7.3.6 - Maintaining biodiversity
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Subtopic 4.7.4: Trophic levels in an ecosystem
4.7.4.1 - Trophic levels
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4.7.4.2 - Pyramids of biomass
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4.7.4.3 - Transfer of Biomass
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Subtopic 4.7.5: Food production
4.7.5.1 - Factors affecting food security
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4.7.5.2 - Farming Techniques
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4.7.5.3 - Sustainable fisheries
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4.7.5.4 - Role of Biotechnology
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Topic 4.8: Key ideas
Synoptic connections across biology
4.8 - Key Ideas in Biology
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