Roadmap

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route A: Conquest, control and resistance in the medieval world

Required Paper 1 - 1A: The crusades, c1095-1204

1A Theme 1 - Reasons for the crusades, 1095-1192
1A Theme 2 - Leadership of the crusades, 1095-1192
1A Theme 3 - The crusader states of Outremer, 1100-92
1A Theme 4 - The Muslim response to the crusades, 1095-1192
1A Interpretations - What explains the Fourth Crusade's failure?

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2A.1: Anglo-Saxon England and the Anglo-Norman Kingdom, c1053-1106

2A.1 KT1 - Late Anglo-Saxon England, c1053-66
2A.1 KT2 - Norman conquest: England, Wales and Scotland, 1066-93
2A.1 KT3 - State, church and society, 1066-1106
2A.1 KT4 - Normandy, 1066-1106

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2A.2: England and the Angevin Empire in the reign of Henry II, 1154-89

2A.2 KT1 - Restoring and extending royal authority, 1154-72
2A.2 KT2 - Reforms in England, 1154-89
2A.2 KT3 - Henry II and the English church, 1154-74
2A.2 KT4 - Crises of the Angevin Empire, 1170-89

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route B: Religion and the state in early modern Europe

Required Paper 1 - 1B: England, 1509-1603: authority, nation and religion

1B Theme 1 - Monarchy and government, 1509-88
1B Theme 2 - Religious changes, 1509-88
1B Theme 3 - State control and popular resistance, 1509-88
1B Theme 4 - Economic, social and cultural change, 1509-88
1B Interpretations - A crisis of government, 1589-1603?

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2B.1: Luther and the German Reformation, c1515-55

2B.1 KT1 - Conditions in early sixteenth-century Germany
2B.1 KT2 - Luther's early challenge to the Church, 1517-20
2B.1 KT3 - The development of Lutheranism, 1521-46
2B.1 KT4 - The spread and survival of Lutheranism, 1521-55

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2B.2: The Dutch Revolt, c1563-1609

2B.2 KT1 - Origins of the Dutch Revolt, c1563-67
2B.2 KT2 - Alva and Orange, 1567-73
2B.2 KT3 - Spain and the reconquest, 1573-84
2B.2 KT4 - Securing the United Provinces, 1584-1609

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route C: Revolutions in early modern and modern Europe

Required Paper 1 - 1C: Britain, 1625-1701: conflict, revolution and settlement

1C Theme 1 - The quest for political stability, 1625-88
1C Theme 2 - Religion: conflict and dissent, 1625-88
1C Theme 3 - Social and intellectual challenge, 1625-88
1C Theme 4 - Economy, trade and empire, 1625-88
1C Interpretations - The Glorious Revolution: how revolutionary?

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2C.1: France in revolution, 1774-99

2C.1 KT1 - The origins and onset of revolution, 1774-89
2C.1 KT2 - Revolution and failed constitutional monarchy, 1789-93
2C.1 KT3 - The Convention, the Jacobins and the Terror, 1793-94
2C.1 KT4 - From the Directory to Brumaire, 1795-99

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2C.2: Russia in revolution, 1894-1924

2C.2 KT1 - The rule of Nicholas II, 1894-1905
2C.2 KT2 - The end of Romanov rule, 1906-17
2C.2 KT3 - The Provisional Government and its opponents, 1917
2C.2 KT4 - Defending the Bolshevik revolution, October 1917-24

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route D: Challenges to the authority of the state in the late eighteenth and nineteenth centuries

Required Paper 1 - 1D: Britain, c1785-c1870: democracy, protest and reform

1D Theme 1 - The growth of parliamentary democracy, c1785-c1870
1D Theme 2 - Industrialisation and protest, c1785-c1870
1D Theme 3 - Unionism and cooperation, c1785-c1870
1D Theme 4 - Poverty and pauperism, c1785-c1870
1D Interpretations - What explains the slave trade's abolition?

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2D.1: The unification of Italy, c1830-70

2D.1 KT1 - Restored order and failed revolution, c1830-49
2D.1 KT2 - The rise of Piedmont, 1849-56
2D.1 KT3 - The creation of the Kingdom of Italy, 1856-61
2D.1 KT4 - Consolidating the Kingdom of Italy, 1861-70

Choose one Paper 2 option - 2D.2: The unification of Germany, c1840-71

2D.2 KT1 - Popular pressure and causes of revolution, 1840-48
2D.2 KT2 - Failure of revolution, 1848-51
2D.2 KT3 - Austro-Prussian rivalry, 1852-66
2D.2 KT4 - Prussia and the Kleindeutschland solution, 1866-71

Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route E: Communist states in the twentieth century

Required Paper 1 - 1E: Russia, 1917-91: from Lenin to Yeltsin

1E Theme 1 - Communist government in the USSR, 1917-85
1E Theme 2 - Industrial and agricultural change, 1917-85
1E Theme 3 - Control of the people, 1917-85
1E Theme 4 - Social developments, 1917-85
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1E Interpretations - What explains the fall of the USSR?
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2E.1: Mao's China, 1949-76

2E.1 KT1 - Establishing communist rule
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2E.1 KT2 - Agriculture and industry, 1949-65
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2E.1 KT3 - The Cultural Revolution and its aftermath, 1966-76
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2E.1 KT4 - Social and cultural changes, 1949-76
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2E.2: The German Democratic Republic, 1949-90

2E.2 KT1 - Establishing and consolidating communism, c1949-61
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2E.2 KT2 - The development of the East German state, 1961-85
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2E.2 KT3 - Life in East Germany, 1949-85
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2E.2 KT4 - Growing crises and communist collapse, 1985-90
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Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route F: Searching for rights and freedoms in the twentieth century

Required Paper 1 - 1F: In search of the American Dream: the USA, c1917-96

1F Theme 1 - The changing political environment, 1917-80
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1F Theme 2 - The quest for civil rights, 1917-80
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1F Theme 3 - Society and culture in change, 1917-80
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1F Theme 4 - The changing quality of life, 1917-80
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1F Interpretations - The impact of the Reagan presidency, 1981-96
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2F.1: India, c1914-48: the road to independence

2F.1 KT1 - The First World War and British India, 1914-20
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2F.1 KT2 - Changing political relationships, 1920-30
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2F.1 KT3 - Consultation and confrontation, 1930-42
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2F.1 KT4 - The road to independence, 1942-48
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2F.2: South Africa, 1948-94: from apartheid state to 'rainbow nation'

2F.2 KT1 - The response to apartheid, c1948-59
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2F.2 KT2 - Radical resistance and National Party power, 1960-68
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2F.2 KT3 - Redefining resistance and challenges, 1968-83
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2F.2 KT4 - The end of apartheid and the 'rainbow nation', 1984-94
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Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route G: Nationalism, dictatorship and democracy in twentieth-century Europe

Required Paper 1 - 1G: Germany and West Germany, 1918-89

1G Theme 1 - Political and governmental change, 1918-89
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1G Theme 2 - Opposition, control and consent, 1918-89
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1G Theme 3 - Economic development and policies, 1918-89
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1G Theme 4 - Aspects of life in Germany and West Germany, 1918-89
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1G Interpretations - How far was Hitler responsible for the war?
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2G.1: The rise and fall of fascism in Italy, c1911-46

2G.1 KT1 - The liberal state, c1911-18
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2G.1 KT2 - Mussolini's rise and the fascist dictatorship, 1919-26
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2G.1 KT3 - The fascist state, 1925-40
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2G.1 KT4 - Challenges to and fall of the fascist state, c1935-46
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2G.2: Spain, 1930-78: republicanism, Francoism and the re-establishment of democracy

2G.2 KT1 - The Second Republic: creation and crisis, 1930-36
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2G.2 KT2 - The Spanish Civil War, 1936-39
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2G.2 KT3 - Establishing Franco's dictatorship, 1938-56
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2G.2 KT4 - Francoism remodelled; transition to democracy, 1956-78
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Paper 1 and Paper 2 - Route H: Democracies in change: Britain and the USA in the twentieth century

Required Paper 1 - 1H: Britain transformed, 1918-97

1H Theme 1 - Changing political and economic environment, 1918-79
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1H Theme 2 - Creating a welfare state, 1918-79
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1H Theme 3 - Society in transition, 1918-79
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1H Theme 4 - The changing quality of life, 1918-79
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1H Interpretations - Thatcher's impact on Britain, 1979-97
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2H.1: The USA, c1920-55: boom, bust and recovery

2H.1 KT1 - Boom and crash, 1920-29
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2H.1 KT2 - Depression and New Deal, 1929-38
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2H.1 KT3 - The New Deal, the Second World War and the USA to 1945
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2H.1 KT4 - The transformation of the USA, 1945-55
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Choose one Paper 2 option - 2H.2: The USA, 1955-92: conformity and challenge

2H.2 KT1 - Affluence and conformity, 1955-63
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2H.2 KT2 - Protest and reaction, 1963-72
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2H.2 KT3 - Social and political change, 1973-80
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2H.2 KT4 - Republican dominance and its opponents, 1981-92
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Paper 3: Themes in breadth with aspects in depth

Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 30: Lancastrians, Yorkists and Henry VII, 1399-1509

30 Theme 1 - Crown and nobility: 'over-mighty subjects'
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30 Theme 2 - Changes in the sinews of power
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30 KT1 - The crises of 1399-1405
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30 KT2 - Henry V and the conquest of France, 1413-21
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30 KT3 - Renewed crises and challenges, c1449-61
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30 KT4 - The Yorkists divided, 1478-85
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30 KT5 - Henry VII: seizing and keeping the throne, 1485-97
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 31: Rebellion and disorder under the Tudors, 1485-1603

31 Theme 1 - Changes in governance at the centre
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31 Theme 2 - Gaining the cooperation of the localities
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31 KT1 - Challenging the succession, 1485-1499
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31 KT2 - Challenging religious changes, 1533-37
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31 KT3 - Agrarian discontent: Kett's rebellion, 1549
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31 KT4 - The revolt of the northern earls, 1569-70
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31 KT5 - Troublesome Ireland: Tyrone's rebellion, 1594-1603
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 32: The Golden Age of Spain, 1474-1598

32 Theme 1 - Changing geographical reach of Spanish power
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32 Theme 2 - Changing military and financial power
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32 KT1 - The Inquisition and the persecution of the Jews, 1478-92
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32 KT2 - Charles's accession and the Comuneros revolt, 1516-29
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32 KT3 - The price revolution and its impact, c1500-c1570
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32 KT4 - The campaign for orthodoxy, 1558-70
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32 KT5 - The crisis in Aragon, 1590-93
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 33: The witch craze in Britain, Europe and North America, c1580-c1750

33 Theme 1 - Changing attitudes to witchcraft in Britain
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33 Theme 2 - Intellectual context: the age of science and reason
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33 KT1 - The North Berwick witches, 1590-97
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33 KT2 - The Lancashire witches of 1604-13
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33 KT3 - The Great Witch Hunt, in Bamberg, Germany, 1623-32
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33 KT4 - Matthew Hopkins and the East Anglian craze, 1645-47
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33 KT5 - Cotton Mather and the Salem witch hunt, 1692-93
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 34.1: Industrialisation and social change in Britain, 1759-1928: forging a new society

34.1 Theme 1 - Adult work and working conditions
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34.1 Theme 2 - The world of childhood
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34.1 KT1 - Josiah Wedgwood: china and canals, 1759-87
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34.1 KT2 - Samuel Greg: cotton and cottages, 1784-1816
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34.1 KT3 - Isambard Kingdom Brunel: railways and ships, 1833-59
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34.1 KT4 - J K Starley: cycles, clubs and emancipation, 1885-1901
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34.1 KT5 - Herbert Austin and market forces, 1905-28
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 34.2: Poverty, public health and the state in Britain, c1780-1939

34.2 Theme 1 - The impetus for public health reforms
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34.2 Theme 2 - Changes in public health
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34.2 KT1 - Paupers and pauperism, 1780-1832
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34.2 KT2 - Less eligibility: the Poor Law Amendment Act, 1832-47
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34.2 KT3 - The government, self-help and charity, 1847-80
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34.2 KT4 - Welfare reforms: pressure and action, 1880-1914
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34.2 KT5 - Depression and the dole: inter-war poverty, 1920-39
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 35.1: Britain: losing and gaining an empire, 1763-1914

35.1 Theme 1 - The changing nature and extent of trade
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35.1 Theme 2 - The changing nature of the Royal Navy
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35.1 KT1 - The loss of the American colonies, 1770-83
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35.1 KT2 - The birth of British Australia, 1788-1829
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35.1 KT3 - Canada and the Durham Report, 1837-40
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35.1 KT4 - Nearly losing an empire: the British in India, 1829-58
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35.1 KT5 - The Nile valley, 1882-98
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 35.2: The British experience of warfare, c1790-1918

35.2 Theme 1 - Changes in organising the military
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35.2 Theme 2 - Changes in weaponry and the role of the people
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35.2 KT1 - Britain and the French Wars, 1793-1815
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35.2 KT2 - The Crimean War, 1854-56
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35.2 KT3 - The second Boer War, 1899-1902
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35.2 KT4 - Trench warfare on the Western Front, 1914-18
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35.2 KT5 - The war in the air, 1914-18
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 36.1: Protest, agitation and parliamentary reform in Britain, c1780-1928

36.1 Theme 1 - Reform of parliament
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36.1 Theme 2 - Changing influences in parliament
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36.1 KT1 - Radical reformers, c1790-1819
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36.1 KT2 - Chartism, c1838-c1850
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36.1 KT3 - The Contagious Diseases Acts and repeal, 1862-86
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36.1 KT4 - The Women's Social and Political Union, 1903-14
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36.1 KT5 - Trades union militancy, 1915-27
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 36.2: Ireland and the Union, c1774-1923

36.2 Theme 1 - Irish nationalism: from agitation to civil war
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36.2 Theme 2 - British reaction: from resistance to acceptance
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36.2 KT1 - Towards emancipation, 1774-1830
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36.2 KT2 - Industrialisation in Ulster, 1825-55
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36.2 KT3 - The Irish Famine, 1843-51
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36.2 KT4 - The Irish land issue, 1870-82
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36.2 KT5 - Working conditions and union militancy, 1907-14
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 37.1: The changing nature of warfare, 1859-1991: perception and reality

37.1 Theme 1 - Reporting and portraying war
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37.1 Theme 2 - Attempts to influence the public response to war
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37.1 KT1 - Increased firepower and steam power, 1859-70
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37.1 KT2 - The technology of defence, c1900-16
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37.1 KT3 - Radio, engines and mobile warfare, 1917-40
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37.1 KT4 - War at sea: submarines, air power and codes, 1917-45
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37.1 KT5 - Air power and nuclear weapons, 1943-91
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 37.2: Germany, 1871-1990: united, divided and reunited

37.2 Theme 1 - Social change in Germany and West Germany
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37.2 Theme 2 - Economic change in Germany and West Germany
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37.2 KT1 - Ruling the Second Reich, 1871-79
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37.2 KT2 - The birth of democratic Germany, 1917-19
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37.2 KT3 - A new Reich, 1933-35
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37.2 KT4 - Establishing and ruling the Federal Republic, 1949-60
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37.2 KT5 - Reunification: recreating a united Germany, 1989-90
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 38.1: The making of modern Russia, 1855-1991

38.1 Theme 1 - The changing status and condition of the peasantry
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38.1 Theme 2 - Agriculture and productivity
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38.1 KT1 - The political reforms of Alexander II, 1855-70
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38.1 KT2 - Revolution and reform, 1904-06
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38.1 KT3 - The end of the Romanovs and Bolshevik triumph, 1916-18
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38.1 KT4 - Khrushchev's attempts to reform the system, 1956-61
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38.1 KT5 - Gorbachev and the fall of Soviet communism, 1985-91
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 38.2: The making of modern China, 1860-1997

38.2 Theme 1 - The growth of industry
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38.2 Theme 2 - Ideologies and individuals behind economic growth
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38.2 KT1 - Opening up China to foreigners, 1860-70
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38.2 KT2 - Defeat and humiliation, 1894-1901
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38.2 KT3 - The Japanese threat, 1931-41
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38.2 KT4 - The Sino-Soviet split, 1958-69
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38.2 KT5 - Reconciliation and the return of Hong Kong, 1978-97
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 39.1: Civil rights and race relations in the USA, 1850-2009

39.1 Theme 1 - The changing geography of civil rights issues
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39.1 Theme 2 - Civil rights in fiction and film
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39.1 KT1 - 'Free at last', 1865-77
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39.1 KT2 - The triumph of 'Jim Crow', 1883-c1900
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39.1 KT3 - The New Deal and race relations, 1933-41
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39.1 KT4 - 'I have a dream', 1954-68
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39.1 KT5 - Obama's campaign for the presidency, 2004-09
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Choose one permitted Paper 3 option - 39.2: Mass media and social change in Britain, 1882-2004

39.2 Theme 1 - Women's lives in the family and at work
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39.2 Theme 2 - Changing patterns of family leisure
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39.2 KT1 - The age of the press barons, 1914-36
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39.2 KT2 - Wireless and the war, 1939-45
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39.2 KT3 - Media in the sixties: satire, image and social change
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39.2 KT4 - The Thatcher governments and the media, 1979-90
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39.2 KT5 - Labour versus the media: the Iraq dossiers, 2002-04
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Coursework (required)

Independent enquiry support

9HI0/04 - Choosing and refining a historical enquiry question
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9HI0/04 - Research planning, sources and the resource record
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9HI0/04 - Using historians' interpretations and historiography
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9HI0/04 - Structuring the coursework argument and using evidence
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9HI0/04 - Criteria, authentication, referencing and checks
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