Roadmap
1 Tectonic processes and hazards
Hazard processes
1.1 - Tectonic hazards and plate boundaries
1.2 - Plate tectonics and hazard characteristics
1.3 - Earthquake, volcanic and tsunami processes
Disaster risk
1.4 - Hazards, vulnerability and disaster risk
1.5 - Comparing tectonic hazard profiles
1.6 - Development, governance and resilience
Managing hazard impacts
1.7 - Disaster trends and multiple hazards
1.8 - Forecasting and hazard-management models
1.9 - Reducing tectonic hazard impacts
2A Glaciated landscapes and change
Climate and cryosphere
2A.1 - Climate change through glacial time
2A.2 - The cryosphere and changing ice cover
2A.3 - Permafrost and periglacial landscapes
Glacier systems
2A.4 - Glacial mass balance and feedback
2A.5 - Glacier movement and its controls
2A.6 - Glaciers as landform systems
Landforms and landscapes
2A.7 - Glacial erosion and landforms
2A.8 - Glacial deposition and former ice flow
2A.9 - Meltwater processes and fluvioglacial landforms
Value, threats and management
2A.10 - The value of glaciated landscapes
2A.11 - Threats to glaciated environments
2A.12 - Managing fragile glaciated landscapes
2B Coastal landscapes and change
Coastal controls
2B.1 - The littoral zone and coastal landscapes
2B.2 - Geological structure and coastal form
2B.3 - Lithology, recession and coastal stability
Landform processes
2B.4 - Waves, erosion and coastal landforms
2B.5 - Sediment transport and depositional landforms
2B.6 - Weathering and coastal mass movement
Retreat and flooding
2B.7 - Sea-level change and coastal landscapes
2B.8 - Coastal retreat and its changing rates
2B.9 - Coastal flooding and future risk
Coastal management
2B.10 - Consequences for coastal communities
2B.11 - Hard, soft and sustainable coastal management
2B.12 - Integrated coastal management and conflicts
3 Globalisation
Causes and connections
3.1 - Global flows and a shrinking world
3.2 - Governments, institutions and globalisation
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3.3 - Uneven globalisation and transnational firms
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Impacts on people and environments
3.4 - The global shift and its costs and benefits
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3.5 - Migration, global hubs and megacities
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3.6 - Global culture, diffusion and resistance
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Development and responses
3.7 - Development, inequality and environmental change
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3.8 - Tensions and responses to globalisation
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3.9 - Localism and sustainable consumption
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4A Regenerating places
Place variation and connections
4A.1 - Economic activity and inequalities between places
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4A.2 - Changing place functions and characteristics
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4A.3 - Connections, representations and lived change
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Need for regeneration
4A.4 - Success, decline and the need for regeneration
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4A.5 - Place attachment, engagement and conflict
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4A.6 - Evidence of the need for regeneration
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Regeneration players and strategies
4A.7 - National policy and regeneration
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4A.8 - Local players and regeneration strategies
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4A.9 - Rebranding urban and rural places
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Success and conflicting criteria
4A.10 - Measuring regeneration success
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4A.11 - Evaluating urban regeneration
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4A.12 - Evaluating rural regeneration
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4B Diverse places
Population and connections
4B.1 - Changing population structures
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4B.2 - Population characteristics and cultural diversity
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4B.3 - Connections and changing place identities
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Perceptions of place
4B.4 - Perceptions of urban living spaces
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4B.5 - Perceptions of rural living spaces
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4B.6 - Evidence and representations of place
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Tensions in diverse places
4B.7 - Migration and a more diverse UK
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4B.8 - Segregation and changing lived experiences
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4B.9 - Change, tensions and exclusion
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Managing diversity
4B.10 - Measuring the management of diversity
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4B.11 - Managing change in diverse urban communities
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4B.12 - Managing change in diverse rural communities
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5 The water cycle and water insecurity
Hydrological systems
5.1 - The global hydrological cycle
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5.2 - Drainage basins as open systems
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5.3 - Water budgets, regimes and hydrographs
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Drought, floods and climate
5.4 - Drought and ecosystem resilience
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5.5 - Flood causes and consequences
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5.6 - Climate change and the hydrological cycle
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Water insecurity and management
5.7 - Water stress, scarcity and rising demand
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5.8 - Water insecurity, wellbeing and conflict
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5.9 - Managing water supply sustainably
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6 The carbon cycle and energy security
Carbon cycles and planetary health
6.1 - Carbon stores and the slow carbon cycle
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6.2 - Biological processes and the fast carbon cycle
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6.3 - Carbon balance and planetary health
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Energy security and alternatives
6.4 - Energy security, mixes and players
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6.5 - Fossil fuels, pathways and unconventional reserves
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6.6 - Alternatives to fossil fuels
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Linked cycles and climate responses
6.7 - Land use, oceans and linked water-carbon risks
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6.8 - Changing cycles and human wellbeing
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6.9 - Carbon feedback, adaptation and mitigation
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7 Superpowers
Patterns and forms of power
7.1 - Superpower characteristics and forms of power
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7.2 - Changing global patterns of power
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7.3 - Emerging powers and development theories
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Global influence
7.4 - Superpowers and the global economy
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7.5 - Alliances and international decision making
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7.6 - Superpowers, resources and the environment
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Contest and future uncertainty
7.7 - Contested resources and spheres of influence
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7.8 - Changing ties and geopolitical tensions
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7.9 - Challenges and uncertain futures for superpowers
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8A Health, human rights and intervention
Development and health
8A.1 - Contested meanings of human development
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8A.2 - Health and life-expectancy inequalities
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8A.3 - Development policy and international goals
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Human-rights protection
8A.4 - Human-rights frameworks and international law
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8A.5 - Uneven definitions and protection of rights
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8A.6 - Rights and development within countries
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Intervention strategies
8A.7 - Forms and justifications of intervention
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8A.8 - Development aid and contested impacts
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8A.9 - Military intervention and strategic interests
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Intervention outcomes
8A.10 - Measuring intervention outcomes
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8A.11 - Evaluating development-aid outcomes
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8A.12 - Evaluating military and non-military intervention
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8B Migration, identity and sovereignty
Migration and its consequences
8B.1 - Globalisation and changing migration flows
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8B.2 - Migration causes, labour and sovereignty
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8B.3 - Migration consequences and contested perceptions
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Nation states and sovereignty
8B.4 - Nation states, borders and recognition
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8B.5 - Nationalism, decolonisation and migration
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8B.6 - Tax havens and alternative state models
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Global governance
8B.7 - Global organisations and conflict management
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8B.8 - Economic governance and national sovereignty
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8B.9 - Environmental governance and global commons
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Identity and disunity
8B.10 - National identity and loyalty
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8B.11 - Foreign ownership and cultural identity
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8B.12 - Disunity, nationalism and fragile states
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Geographical skills
Spatial evidence
Appendix 1 2(a), 2(b) - Geospatial data, maps and GIS
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Appendix 1 1(b), 2(c) - Images and spatial representations
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Quantitative evidence
Appendix 1 2(c), 2(d)(i) - Graphs, scales and distributions
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Appendix 1 2(d)(i), 2(d)(iii) - Rates, sampling and descriptive statistics
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Appendix 1 2(d)(i) - Lorenz curves and the Gini coefficient
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Appendix 1 2(d)(ii) - Correlation and Spearman's rank
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Appendix 1 2(d)(ii) - Student's t-test and group differences
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Appendix 1 2(d)(ii) - Chi-squared and categorical association
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Qualitative evidence
Appendix 1 1(a), 1(c), 1(d) - Interviews, coding and ethical representation
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Appendix 1 1(b), 1(c) - Evaluating qualitative sources and place representations
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Critical enquiry
Appendix 1 - Data quality and evidenced geographical argument
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Synoptic geographical reasoning
The three synoptic themes
9GE0/03 - Players, power and connected geographical systems
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9GE0/03 - Attitudes, actions and competing priorities
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9GE0/03 - Futures, uncertainties and resource-based judgements
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Independent investigation (formative)
Planning and collection
Appendix 2 1, 2; 9GE0/04 - Developing an independent geographical enquiry
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Appendix 2 3, 4; 9GE0/04 - Designing methods, sampling and safe fieldwork
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Appendix 2 3, 4; 9GE0/04 - Physical fieldwork measurements and data quality
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Appendix 2 3, 4, 8; 9GE0/04 - Human fieldwork, interviews and ethical collection
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Analysis and communication
Appendix 2 5, 6; 9GE0/04 - Selecting representations and analysing field evidence
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Appendix 2 6, 7, 8; 9GE0/04 - Drawing conclusions and evaluating an enquiry
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Appendix 2 7, 8; 9GE0/04 - Communicating evidence and preserving independence
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